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Journal of Patient-Reported Outcomes

Table 5 Least-Square Mean Estimates and 95% CI of EQ-5D-5L and WPAI-GH scores in long COVID subjects

From: Impact of COVID-19 and effects of booster vaccination with BNT162b2 on six-month long COVID symptoms, quality of life, work productivity and activity impairment during Omicron

  

Score

Change from pre-COVID

Compared to Unvaccinated

Compared to Primed

LSE (95% CI)

LSE (95% CI)

P value

ES

LSE (95% CI)

P value

ES

LSE (95% CI)

P value

ES

EQ-5D-5L: Utility Index

 Pre-COVID (Observed), Mean (SD)

Boosted

0.910 (0.109)

         

Primed

0.871 (0.199)

         

Unvaccinated

0.872 (0.120)

         

 Week 4

Boosted

0.830 (0.748, 0.912)

− 0.056 (− 0.138, 0.027)

0.183

− 0.44

0.076 (− 0.012, 0.164)

0.108

0.47

0.028 (− 0.069, 0.125)

0.772

0.20

Primed

0.802 (0.722, 0.881)

− 0.084 (− 0.163, − 0.004)

0.039

− 0.57

0.048 (− 0.032, 0.127)

0.337

0.29

   

Unvaccinated

0.754 (0.689, 0.820)

− 0.131 (− 0.197, − 0.066)

 < 0.001

− 0.76

      

 Month 3

Boosted

0.910 (0.808, 1.011)

0.024 (− 0.078, 0.125)

0.644

0.21

0.161 (0.046, 0.275)

0.003

0.91

0.137 (0.011, 0.263)

0.030

0.81

Primed

0.773 (0.687, 0.859)

− 0.113 (− 0.199, − 0.027)

0.011

− 0.59

0.024 (− 0.070, 0.118)

0.818

0.13

   

Unvaccinated

0.749 (0.678, 0.819)

− 0.137 (− 0.207, − 0.067)

 < 0.001

− 0.72

      

 Month 6

Boosted

0.910 (0.790, 1.030)

0.024 (− 0.096, 0.144)

0.688

0.27

0.152 (0.007, 0.298)

0.038

0.85

0.202 (0.045, 0.359)

0.008

0.89

Primed

0.708 (0.617, 0.800)

− 0.178 (− 0.269, − 0.086)

 < 0.001

− 0.69

− 0.050 (− 0.153, 0.054)

0.497

− 0.23

   

Unvaccinated

0.758 (0.685, 0.831)

− 0.128 (− 0.201, − 0.055)

0.001

− 0.67

      

EQ-5D-5L: VAS

 Pre-COVID (Observed), Mean (SD)

Boosted

84.6 (13.5)

         

Primed

83.8 (12.5)

         

Unvaccinated

85.7 (11.6)

         

 Week 4

Boosted

77.3 (70.2, 84.3)

− 7.8 (− 14.9, − 0.7)

0.032

− 0.43

− 0.2 (− 8.0, 7.6)

0.998

− 0.01

− 3.4 (− 12.1, 5.3)

0.618

− 0.21

 

Primed

80.7 (73.8, 87.6)

− 4.3 (− 11.3, 2.6)

0.218

− 0.29

3.2 (− 4.0, 10.5)

0.544

0.20

   
 

Unvaccinated

77.5 (71.8, 83.1)

− 7.6 (− 13.2, − 2.0)

0.008

− 0.47

      

 Month 3

Boosted

82.6 (74.5, 90.6)

− 2.5 (− 10.5, 5.6)

0.545

− 0.24

2.3 (− 6.5, 11.1)

0.806

0.14

3.6 (− 6.2, 13.3)

0.663

0.25

 

Primed

79.0 (72.1, 85.9)

− 6.0 (− 13.0, 0.9)

0.087

− 0.38

− 1.2 (− 8.5, 6.0)

0.914

− 0.07

   
 

Unvaccinated

80.2 (74.5, 86.0)

− 4.8 (− 10.5, 0.9)

0.099

− 0.28

      

 Month 6

Boosted

82.3 (72.3, 92.2)

− 2.8 (− 12.7, 7.2)

0.584

− 0.24

2.7 (− 9.6, 14.9)

0.865

0.17

4.8 (− 8.3, 17.9)

0.658

0.27

 

Primed

77.4 (69.8, 85.1)

− 7.6 (− 15.2, 0.0)

0.051

− 0.38

− 2.2 (− 10.8, 6.4)

0.820

− 0.12

   
 

Unvaccinated

79.6 (73.6, 85.7)

− 5.4 (− 11.5, 0.6)

0.079

− 0.33

      

WPAI: Work Productivity Loss

 Pre-COVID (Observed), Mean (SD)

Boosted

6.6 (11.0)

         

Primed

17.9 (29.2)

         

Unvaccinated

17.1 (25.6)

         

 Week 4

Boosted

25.5 (9.4, 41.7)

11.8 (− 4.3, 28.0)

0.149

0.49

− 8.2 (− 25.0, 8.7)

0.484

− 0.32

4.2 (− 14.1, 22.48)

0.849

0.18

 

Primed

21.4 (6.6, 36.2)

7.7 (− 7.1, 22.5)

0.306

0.34

− 12.3 (− 28.0, 3.3)

0.151

− 0.50

   
 

Unvaccinated

33.7 (20.9, 46.5)

20.0 (7.2, 32.8)

0.003

0.78

      

 Month 3

Boosted

10.1 (0, 30.8)

− 3.6 (− 24.4, 17.1)

0.728

− 0.16

− 18.5 (− 41.0, 4.0)

0.129

− 0.72

− 12.8 (− 37.4, 11.9)

0.437

− 0.48

 

Primed

22.8 (7.0, 38.7)

9.1 (− 6.7, 25.0)

0.257

0.32

− 5.7 (− 23.4, 12.1)

0.725

− 0.21

   
 

Unvaccinated

28.5 (14.1, 43.0)

14.8 (0.3, 29.3)

0.045

0.57

      

 Month 6

Boosted

42.6 (18.2, 67.0)

28.9 (4.5, 53.3)

0.021

0.97

7.89 (− 21.3, 37.1)

0.796

0.30

15.9 (− 15.1, 47.0)

0.442

0.61

 

Primed

26.7 (9.7, 43.6)

12.9 (− 4.0, 29.8)

0.132

0.51

− 8.1 (− 28.0, 11.9)

0.604

− 0.31

   
 

Unvaccinated

34.7 (20.1, 49.3)

21.0 (6.4, 35.6)

0.005

0.81

      

WPAI: Activity Impairment

 Pre-COVID (Observed), Mean (SD)

Boosted

14.2 (22.5)

         

Primed

23.1 (31.7)

         

Unvaccinated

23.1 (30.2)

         

 Week 4

Boosted

25.7 (14.1, 37.4)

5.6 (− 6.1, 17.3)

0.346

0.28

− 13.0 (− 26.1, 0.1)

0.053

− 0.53

6.9 (− 7.4, 21.3)

0.489

0.31

 

Primed

18.8 (7.7, 30.0)

− 1.3 (− 12.5, 9.8)

0.813

− 0.06

− 19.9 (− 31.6, − 8.2)

 < 0.001

− 0.79

   
 

Unvaccinated

38.7 (29.5, 47.9)

18.6 (9.3, 27.8)

 < 0.001

0.71

      

 Month 3

Boosted

17.8 (2.0, 33.6)

− 2.3 (− 18.1, 13.4)

0.770

− 0.10

− 7.1 (− 25.6, 11.4)

0.635

− 0.26

− 5.4 (− 25.8, 14.9)

0.802

− 0.19

 

Primed

23.3 (10.5, 36.0)

3.1 (− 9.7, 15.9)

0.632

0.10

− 1.7 (− 16.6, 13.2)

0.963

− 0.06

   
 

Unvaccinated

24.9 (14.6, 35.3)

4.8 (− 5.6, 15.1)

0.365

0.17

      

 Month 6

Boosted

29.8 (11.2, 48.4)

9.6 (− 9.0, 28.3)

0.308

0.40

− 4.6 (− 27.9, 18.6)

0.885

− 0.17

5.3 (− 19.6, 30.2)

0.870

0.20

 

Primed

24.5 (11.1, 37.9)

4.4 (− 9.0, 17.7)

0.521

0.16

− 9.9 (− 25.7, 5.9)

0.301

− 0.36

   
 

Unvaccinated

34.4 (24.0, 44.9)

14.3 (3.8, 24.7)

0.008

0.51

      
  1. Mixed models for repeated measurements with unstructured correlation matrix include variables for time, vaccination status and interaction of time by vaccination status, as well as covariates of participant pre-COVID-19 symptom onset score, sociodemographic characteristics (age, sex, regions, social vulnerability, race/ethnicity, high risk occupations), previously tested positive for COVID-19, severity of acute illness (number of symptoms reported on index date), and immunocompromised status
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