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Journal of Patient-Reported Outcomes

Table 4 Summary of Observed EQ-5D-5L and WPAI scores by assessment time and vaccination status in long COVID subjects

From: Impact of COVID-19 and effects of booster vaccination with BNT162b2 on six-month long COVID symptoms, quality of life, work productivity and activity impairment during Omicron

  

Score

Change from pre-COVID-19

Relative to unvaccinated

Relative to primed

  

N

Mean (SD)

Mean (SD)

P value

ES

Mean (SD)

P value

ES

Mean (SD)

P value

ES

EQ-VAS

 Pre-COVID-19

All

130

84.9 (12.2)

         
 

Boosted

26

84.6 (13.5)

   

− 1.1 (12.1)

0.692

− 0.09

0.8 (12.9)

0.804

0.06

 

Primed

36

83.8 (12.5)

   

− 1.9 (11.9)

0.431

− 0.16

   
 

Unvaccinated

68

85.7 (11.6)

         

 Week 4

All

123

74.2 (16.2)

− 10.9 (15.6)

 < 0.001

− 0.67

      
 

Boosted

26

74.4 (18.1)

− 10.2 (16.4)

0.004

− 0.62

1.2 (16.8)

0.751

0.07

− 1.6 (16.4)

0.713

− 0.10

 

Primed

33

76.0 (15.0)

− 7.7 (11.8)

0.001

− 0.65

2.8 (15.8)

0.406

0.18

   
 

Unvaccinated

64

73.1 (16.2)

− 12.9 (16.8)

 < 0.001

− 0.77

      

 Month 3

All

108

76.4 (16.0)

− 9.0 (15.2)

 < 0.001

− 0.56

      
 

Boosted

17

80.9 (10.4)

− 3.8 (13.6)

0.266

− 0.28

5.4 (16.1)

0.223

0.34

5.2 (14.4)

0.233

0.36

 

Primed

32

75.7 (16.1)

− 9.7 (10.2)

 < 0.001

− 0.95

0.2 (16.9)

0.955

0.01

   
 

Unvaccinated

59

75.5 (17.3)

− 10.1 (17.7)

 < 0.001

− 0.57

      

 Month 6

All

89

74.5 (17.2)

− 10.0 (16.6)

 < 0.001

− 0.58

      
 

Boosted

10

80.4 (11.4)

− 6.3 (11.5)

0.121

− 0.55

5.5 (15.8)

0.319

0.35

8.8 (18.1)

0.200

0.48

 

Primed

27

71.6 (20.0)

− 11.2 (17.4)

0.003

− 0.64

− 3.3 (17.7)

0.439

− 0.18

   
 

Unvaccinated

52

74.9 (16.5)

− 10.0 (17.2)

 < 0.001

− 0.58

      

EQ-5D-5L UI

 Pre-COVID-19

All

130

0.879 (0.144)

         
 

Boosted

26

0.910 (0.109)

   

0.038 (0.117)

0.163

0.32

0.039 (0.167)

0.369

0.23

 

Primed

36

0.871 (0.199)

   

− 0.001 (0.152)

0.975

− 0.01

   
 

Unvaccinated

68

0.872 (0.120)

         

 Week 4

All

130

0.744 (0.196)

− 0.135 (0.160)

 < 0.001

− 0.69

      
 

Boosted

26

0.827 (0.122)

− 0.083 (0.126)

0.003

− 0.66

0.081 (0.162)

0.032

0.50

0.036 (0.139)

0.319

0.26

 

Primed

36

0.752 (0.198)

− 0.119 (0.148)

 < 0.001

− 0.80

0.045 (0.165)

0.188

0.27

   
 

Unvaccinated

68

0.708 (0.209)

− 0.164 (0.173)

 < 0.001

− 0.95

      

 Month 3

All

109

0.742 (0.236)

− 0.153 (0.188)

 < 0.001

− 0.65

      
 

Boosted

17

0.877 (0.114)

− 0.029 (0.114)

0.311

− 0.25

0.153 (0.177)

0.002

0.86

0.136 (0.168)

0.010

0.81

 

Primed

32

0.725 (0.275)

− 0.165 (0.190)

 < 0.001

− 0.87

0.017 (0.191)

0.685

0.09

   
 

Unvaccinated

60

0.713 (0.230)

− 0.182 (0.191)

 < 0.001

− 0.95

      

 Month 6

All

91

0.727 (0.242)

− 0.156 (0.213)

 < 0.001

− 0.64

      
 

Boosted

10

0.922 (0.031)

0.001 (0.092)

0.973

0.01

0.156 (0.179)

0.014

0.87

0.218 (0.228)

0.014

0.96

 

Primed

27

0.648 (0.273)

− 0.217 (0.259)

 < 0.001

− 0.84

− 0.062 (0.215)

0.225

− 0.29

   
 

Unvaccinated

54

0.731 (0.229)

− 0.155 (0.190)

 < 0.001

− 0.82

      

Work productivity loss

 Pre-COVID-19

All

91

15.1 (24.7)

         
 

Boosted

19

6.6 (11.0)

   

− 10.5 (22.4)

0.092

− 0.47

− 11.2 (23.5)

0.117

− 0.48

 

Primed

27

17.9 (29.2)

   

0.8 (27.0)

0.907

0.03

   
 

Unvaccinated

45

17.1 (25.6)

         

 Week 4

All

85

31.7 (25.4)

15.1 (32.8)

 < 0.001

0.59

      
 

Boosted

17

26.8 (24.1)

19.4 (26.9)

0.010

0.72

− 12.6 (25.1)

0.087

− 0.50

4.3 (23.3)

0.562

0.18

 

Primed

26

22.5 (22.8)

2.7 (30.1)

0.649

0.09

− 16.8 (24.5)

0.008

− 0.69

   
 

Unvaccinated

42

39.3 (25.5)

20.5 (35.4)

0.001

0.58

      

 Month 3

All

74

26.1 (26.6)

13.3 (35.2)

0.002

0.50

      
 

Boosted

11

18.2 (23.1)

11.2 (25.0)

0.170

0.45

− 12.1 (25.6)

0.173

− 0.47

− 4.9 (26.8)

0.616

− 0.18

 

Primed

25

23.1 (28.2)

11.7 (40.1)

0.157

0.29

− 7.2 (27.0)

0.305

− 0.27

   
 

Unvaccinated

38

30.3 (26.2)

14.8 (35.5)

0.014

0.42

      

 Month 6

All

60

33.9 (26.2)

19.9 (38.0)

 < 0.001

0.76

      
 

Boosted

6

43.1 (29.8)

31.4 (29.1)

0.057

1.08

6.5 (26.6)

0.587

0.24

15.8 (26.2)

0.203

0.60

 

Primed

22

27.4 (25.3)

11.5 (41.3)

0.205

0.28

− 9.3 (25.7)

0.199

− 0.36

   
 

Unvaccinated

32

36.6 (26.1)

22.5 (37.7)

0.002

0.60

      

Activity Impairment

 Pre-COVID-19

All

130

21.3 (29.3)

         
 

Boosted

26

14.2 (22.5)

   

− 8.9 (28.3)

0.179

− 0.31

− 8.8 (28.2)

0.229

− 0.31

 

Primed

36

23.1 (31.7)

   

0.0 (30.7)

0.996

0.00

   
 

Unvaccinated

68

23.1 (30.2)

         

 Week 4

All

130

38.1 (25.7)

16.8 (35.6)

 < 0.001

0.65

      
 

Boosted

26

31.2 (19.7)

16.9 (20.9)

 < 0.001

0.81

− 15.2 (24.4)

0.008

− 0.62

3.7 (22.3)

0.528

0.16

 

Primed

36

27.5 (24.1)

4.4 (34.9)

0.451

0.13

− 18.8 (25.3)

 < 0.001

− 0.74

   
 

Unvaccinated

68

46.3 (26.0)

23.2 (39.0)

 < 0.001

0.60

      

 Month 3

All

109

31.7 (28.3)

12.9 (36.6)

 < 0.001

0.46

      
 

Boosted

17

28.2 (24.6)

14.1 (26.5)

0.044

0.53

− 4.3 (27.8)

0.579

− 0.15

− 4.0 (28.5)

0.646

− 0.14

 

Primed

32

32.2 (30.4)

14.7 (37.6)

0.035

0.39

− 0.3 (29.2)

0.961

− 0.01

   
 

Unvaccinated

60

32.5 (28.6)

11.7 (38.9)

0.024

0.30

      

 Month 6

All

91

37.5 (27.5)

17.4 (39.2)

 < 0.001

0.63

      
 

Boosted

10

31.0 (24.2)

27.0 (25.4)

0.010

1.06

− 9.6 (27.5)

0.316

− 0.35

− 2.7 (26.8)

0.787

− 0.10

 

Primed

27

33.7 (27.6)

13.3 (37.0)

0.073

0.36

− 6.9 (27.9)

0.299

− 0.25

   
 

Unvaccinated

54

40.6 (28.0)

17.6 (42.4)

0.004

0.41

      
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