Table 4 The main themes and subthemes connected to the card sorting question derived from the participants’ statements during the selection of PROMIS HRQOL domains
Domain | Theme | Subtheme (# occurrence) |
|---|---|---|
Pain Intensity | Description | Severe pain (9) |
Constant pain (5) | ||
Exacerbation/alleviation factors of pain | Being active increases the pain (3) | |
Being in the same position for a long time increases the pain (1) | ||
Coping with pain | Changing body position decreases the pain (1) | |
Living with and ignoring the pain (1) | ||
Effect/Consequence of having pain | Restriction in activities (12) | |
Fatigue (3) | ||
Lack of sleep (3) | ||
Anger (2) | ||
Bad posture (1) | ||
Behavioral change (1) | ||
Thinking interference (1) | ||
Fear (1) | ||
Sadness (1) | ||
Surprise (1) | ||
Autonomy | Need help (1) | |
Social Function | Description | Restriction in social activity (7) |
Participating in social activities is difficult (3) | ||
Loss of pleasure (3) | ||
Factors leading to limitation of social activities | Pain restricts social activities (10) | |
Anxiety restricts social activities (1) | ||
Lack of sleep restricts social activities (1) | ||
Coping with limitation of social activities | Need a wheelchair (1) | |
Effect/Consequence of non-/performing social activities | Bother (2) | |
Depression (2) | ||
Social participation exacerbates pain (2) | ||
Autonomy | Need help (1) | |
Physical Function | Description | Restriction in physical activity (3) |
Core (main) part in life (1) | ||
Muscle strength loss (1) | ||
Factors leading to limitation of physical function | Pain restricts general, social, physical, sport, housework, and work performance (life tasks) (9) | |
Fear of pain restricts physical activity (2) | ||
Lack of sleep restricts physical activities (1) | ||
Coping | Avoid performing activities (1) | |
Effect/Consequence of non-/performing physical activity | Performing activities exacerbates pain (1) | |
Inability to perform activity makes me bothered (1) | ||
Inability to perform activity leads to frustration (1) | ||
Fatigue | Description | Feeling tired (3) |
Factors leading to fatigue | Pain increases fatigue (5) | |
Lack of sleep increases fatigue (4) | ||
Ability to perform work decreases fatigue (2) | ||
Coping with fatigue | Resting decreases fatigue (1) | |
Effect/Consequence of fatigue | Restriction in activities/work (2) | |
Depression (2) | ||
Anger (1) | ||
Pain exacerbation (1) | ||
Pain Interference | Determinant | Family support decreases pain (1) |
Coping with pain | Living with and ignoring the pain (1) | |
Effect/Consequence of pain interference | Restriction in general/physical/sport/housework/work activities (11) | |
Restriction in social activities (6) | ||
Anger (1) | ||
Bother (1) | ||
Activity limitation is difficult (1) | ||
| Â | Description | Having pain makes patient angry (6) |
Having pain makes patient surprised (1) | ||
| Â | Having pain makes patient anxious (1) | |
Having pain makes patient shout (1) | ||
Having pain makes patient talk about pain (1) | ||
Having pain makes patient physically limited (1) | ||
Anger | Description | Anger is a handicap (1) |
Factors leading to anger | Pain causes anger (7) | |
Inability to do daily activities causes anger (2) | ||
Vague condition (LBP) causes anger (1) | ||
Coping with anger | Workout – Being active (1) | |
Effect/Consequence of anger | Mood changes (2) | |
Discouraged/Frustration (2) | ||
Affects other HRQOL domains (1) | ||
Sleep Disturbance | Description | Having sleep difficulty (4) |
Need to sleep (1) | ||
Factors leading to sleep problems | Pain interferes with sleep (4) | |
Pain medication interferes with sleep (1) | ||
Inactive life style disturbs sleep (1) | ||
Effect/consequence of having sleep disturbance | Lack of concentration (2) | |
Fatigue (2) | ||
Restriction in activity (2) | ||
Anger (1) | ||
Anxiety | Description | Feeling of anxiety (2) |
Factors leading to anxiety | Pain causes anxiety (2) | |
Lack of sleep causes anxiety (2) | ||
Lack of emotional support causes anxiety (1) | ||
Fearing of being physically limited causes anxiety (1) | ||
Effect/consequence of having anxiety | Social isolation (1) | |
Coping with anxiety | Being active decreases anxiety (1) | |
Depression | Factors leading to depression | Pain impairs emotional status (2) |
Effect/consequence of having depression | Affects other HRQOL domains (1) | |
Companionship | Description | Lack of emotional support (1) |
Important part of social life (1) | ||
Factors leading to companionship problems | Having pain restricts social activities (3) | |
Anger deteriorates social life (1) | ||
Not satisfied with sexual function (1) | ||
Sleep-related impairment | Description | Uncomfortable with sleep because of pain (1) |
Effect/consequence of sleep problem | Restriction in activity (2) | |
Increases pain intensity (1) | ||
Lack of pleasure (1) | ||
Memory problems (1) | ||
Lack of orientation (1) | ||
Affects other HRQOL domains (1) | ||
Social Isolation | Factors leading to social isolation | Pain causes social isolation (2) |
Emotional Support | Description | Lack of emotional support (2) |
Effect/consequence of emotional support | Emotional support decreases pain (1) | |
Instrumental Support | Description | Lack of instrumental support (1) |
Effect/consequence of lack of instrumental support | Lack of instrumental support leads to restriction in activities (1) | |
Sexual Function | Factors leading to sexual function problems | Pain restricts sexual activity (1) |
Effect/consequence of sexual function problems | Loss of joy (1) |