Race-related differences in the economic, healthcare-access, and psychological impact of COVID-19: personal resources associated with resilience

Journal of Patient-Reported Outcomes

Table 2 Sample Demographic Characteristics (N = 4816)

Variable	Differences in Demographic Characteristics for the four groups NOT missing Race/Ethnicity		Differences in Demographic Characteristics by Hispanic Ethnicity		Differences in Demographic Characteristics for the aggregated four groups NOT missing Race vs. those MISSING Race
Variable	p-value	Effect size if sig. (phi/eta2)	p-value	Effect size if sig. (phi/eta2)	p-value	Effect size if sig. (phi/eta2)
Role	< 0.001	0.129	0.001	0.059	< 0.001	0.506
Gender	< 0.001	0.094	0.423	–	< 0.001	0.173
Living Alone	< 0.001	0.100	0.030	− 0.032	0.029	− 0.032
Marital Status	< 0.001	0.206	0.108	–	0.043	0.049
Difficulty Paying Bills	< 0.001	0.132	< 0.001	0.071	0.333	–
Employment Status	0.002	0.083	< 0.001	0.077	0.644	–
Education	< 0.001	0.111	0.020	0.054	0.258	–
Currently Smoke or Vape	< 0.001	0.083	0.010	0.045	0.066	–
Received Help Completing Survey	0.129	–	0.001	0.050	0.553	–
Infected with COVID-19	0.001	0.062	< 0.001	0.051	0.273	–
Age	< 0.001	0.012	< 0.001	0.498	0.047	0.166
Body Mass Index	< 0.001	0.009	0.293	–	0.590	–
Comorbidities	< 0.001	0.013	0.703	–	0.763	–
Time Since Diagnosis (if applicable)	< 0.001	0.008	0.993	–	0.345	–

Some sets of percentages may not add up to 100% due to rounding or because some categories are not mutually exclusive,
GED General Educational Development (i.e., high-school equivalency test), SD standard deviation
Comparisons by gender across groups exclude "other" gender
The effect sizes are Cramer's v if the variable is categorical and Eta squared if continuous
SD standard deviation