Race-related differences in the economic, healthcare-access, and psychological impact of COVID-19: personal resources associated with resilience

Schwartz, Carolyn E.; Borowiec, Katrina; Biletch, Elijah; Rapkin, Bruce D.

doi:10.1186/s41687-022-00514-2

Journal of Patient-Reported Outcomes

Table 1 Sample Demographic Characteristics (N = 4816)

Variable		White (n = 4202)		Black (n = 290)		Asian (n = 111)		American Indian (n = 96)		Hispanic (n = 223)		Non-Hispanic (n = 4417)		Missing race (n = 183)
Variable		#	%	#	%	#	%	#	%	#	%	#	%	#	%
Role	Patient	2682	64	161	56	31	28	16	17	96	41	2831	64	86	47
	Caregiver	586	14	32	11	6	5	6	6	38	20	602	14	28	15
	Both	163	4	10	3	4	4	1	1	5	3	177	4	3	2
	Neither	704	17	56	19	45	41	6	6	50	27	772	18	18	10
	Missing	67	2	31	11	25	23	67	70	44	19	35	1	48	26
Gender	Male	724	17	41	14	36	32	9	9	38	20	776	18	24	13
	Female	3,392	81	216	74	50	45	20	21	150	79	3,586	82	103	56
	Other	19	0	2	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	20	1	2	1
	Missing	67	2	31	11	25	23	67	70	44	19	35	1	54	30
Living Alone	Yes, living alone	473	11	66	23	14	13	3	3	14	7	549	13	8	4
Marital Status	Never Married	577	14	100	34	29	26	4	4	33	18	690	16	32	17
	Married	2,405	57	68	23	44	40	16	17	106	56	2,446	56	67	37
	Cohabitation	279	7	15	5	3	3	4	4	16	9	294	7	9	5
	Separated	74	2	8	3	2	2	0	0	6	3	82	2	2	1
	Divorced	582	14	50	17	3	3	4	4	22	12	630	14	11	6
	Widowed	208	5	17	6	4	4	0	0	6	3	229	5	3	2
	Missing	77	2	32	11	26	23	68	71	44	19	46	1	59	32
Difficulty Paying Bills	Not at all Difficult	2068	49	79	27	41	37	12	13	76	41	2134	50	52	28
	Slightly Difficult	937	22	59	20	16	14	3	3	39	21	1003	23	29	16
	Moderately Difficult	575	14	55	19	20	18	7	7	28	15	638	15	25	14
	Very Difficult	263	6	30	10	5	5	5	5	20	11	290	7	7	4
	Extremely Difficult	208	5	27	9	3	3	2	2	23	12	221	5	9	5
	Missing	151	4	40	14	26	23	67	70	47	20	131	3	61	33
Employment Status	Employed	1682	40	115	40	40	36	16	17	102	55	1780	41	58	32
	Unemployed	505	12	38	13	14	13	2	2	23	12	547	13	19	10
	Retired	833	20	30	10	15	14	3	3	13	7	870	20	21	11
	Medically Disabled	1061	25	72	25	12	11	7	7	49	26	1123	26	31	17
	Missing	121	3	35	12	30	27	68	71	46	20	97	2	54	30
Education	Less than high school graduate	41	1	3	1	2	2	1	1	4	2	47	1	4	2
	High school diploma/GED	392	9	36	12	5	5	4	4	18	10	412	9	15	8
	Trade or technical degree	267	6	19	7	1	1	3	3	10	5	284	7	8	4
	Some college	1110	26	73	25	19	17	13	14	61	32	1191	27	28	15
	College degree	1226	29	75	26	34	31	3	3	51	27	1302	30	40	22
	Postgraduate degree	1092	26	52	18	24	22	5	5	45	24	1137	26	33	18
	Missing	74	2	32	11	26	23	67	70%	44	19	44	1	55	30
Currently Smoke or Vape	Not at all	3427	82	215	74	74	67	17	18	142	76	3632	83	119	65
	Some days	201	5	17	6	7	6	7	7	19	10	219	5	3	2
	Every day	475	11	26	9	5	5	5	5	25	13	503	12	9	5
	Missing	99	2	32	11	25	23	67	70	47	20	63	1	52	28
Received Help Completing Survey	Yes	65	2	4	1	0	0	2	2	7	4	67	2	3	2
Infected with COVID-19	Yes	302	7	32	11	7	6	6	6	27	14	326	7	14	8

	Mn	SD	Mn	SD	Mn	SD	Mn	SD	Mn	SD	Mn	SD	Mn	SD
Age	52.16	14.07	48.05	13.69	45.63	17.31	47.72	14.47	44.94	12.67	51.98	14.19	51.6	14.19
Body Mass Index	29.9	8.1	31.50	8.6	24.97	4.9	30.890	8.1	30.8	8.7	29.913	8.1	30.0	8.2
Comorbidities	4	2.366	3.57	2.491	2.24	2.55	3.72	2.631	3	2.24	3.670	2.41	4	2.41
Time Since Diagnosis (if applicable)	14.7	13.9	19.71	15.0	19.54	24.3	16.964	14.1	14.0	11.7	15.031	14.2	15.0	14.1

Some sets of percentages may not add up to 100% due to rounding or because some categories are not mutually exclusive
GED General Educational Development (i.e., high-school equivalency test) SD standard deviation
The effect sizes are Cramer's v if the variable is categorical and Eta squared if continuous
Comparisons by gender across groups exclude "other" gender
Mn mean; SD standard deviation

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