Table 4 Overall concerns, needs, and preferences of populations identified in the review

Racial and ethnic minority populations

Concerns:

Non-Hispanic Black patients less likely than Hispanic, non-Hispanic White, and non-Hispanic Asian patients to be able to complete a touch-screen enabled computer-assisted self-interview [38]

Non-Hispanic black patients more likely and Hispanic patients who preferred Spanish less likely to complete PROMs than Non-Hispanic White patients who speak English [11]

Late responses to web-based PRO platform associated with racial/ethnic minorites [62]

Black patients less likely than White patients to complete tablet-based PRO [50]

Low income, limited health literacy, majority Black patients had more difficulty with PRO data retrieval than data completion within commercially available mobile apps on iPhones and Androids [42]

Needs:

n/a

Preferences:

No race-based preferences for web-based app content or features [46]

Black patients were more likely than White patients to select automated telephone surveys, although web-based delivery was most common overall; Black patients had greater difficulty understanding questions and the summary report than White patients [49]

Higher proportion of Black vs. White patients preferred telephone-based survey formats [50]

Other:

Mobile health PROs and health monitoring successful among low income, majority Black trauma survivors [60]

Mobile health PROs successful among rural, traditionally underserved, majority Black patients with diabetes [39]

Non-White patients were more satisfied than White patients with their care as a result of PROM collection [37]

Interactive voice response system deemed feasible and improved symptom severity among majority unemployed African American and Latina patients [47]

Non-English-speaking populations

Concerns:

Spanish-language groups found longitudinal PRO outcome data more difficult to understand than English-language groups [53]

Hispanic patients who preferred Spanish less likely than Hispanic patients who preferred English to complete PROMs [11]

Needs:

Spanish-language groups did not anticipate challenges using a dashboard with an interpreter [53]

Preferences:

Infographics well-received and comprehended by English- and Spanish-speaking populations [36]

Spanish-speaking population less likely to prefer a computer-telephone-based PRO method than English-speaking population [43]

The majority of Spanish-speakers preferred face-to-face interviewing [44]

Other:

n/a

Populations with low income/employment status

Concerns:

Late responses to web-based PRO platform associated with low income [62]

Half of a low SES, low education population found PROs confusing [55]

Low income, limited health literacy, majority Black patients had more difficulty with PRO data retrieval than data completion within commercially available mobile apps on iPhones and Androids [42]

Needs:

Half of a low SES, low education population wanted help completing surveys [55]

Preferences:

n/a

Other:

Low income patients had more favorable experiences with PROM collection than patients within the top 3 quartiles of income [37]

PRO collection with EHR upload feasible in a low-resource clinical setting with a 25% Native American population [51]

Interactive voice response symptom deemed feasible and improved symptom severity among majority unemployed African American and Latina patients [47]

Populations with low educational or health literacy

Concerns:

Low health literacy patients more likely to find PRO outcome dashboard and longitudinal data difficult to understand than patients with higher health literacy [53]

Late responses to web-based PRO platform associated with lower education [62]

Low income, limited health literacy, majority Black patients had more difficulty with PRO data retrieval than data completion within commercially available mobile apps on iPhones and Androids [42]

Needs:

n/a

Preferences:

A bar graph combined with emojis was the most preferred PRO symptom display format among low health literacy, majority Black patients [41]

Computer-based interview was preferred over in-person interview for patients with psychiatric disorders known to be impacted by low literacy [58]

Other:

Completion rates and time needed to complete surveys on a touchscreen-based display similar between patients with low and high literacy [48]

Elderly and/or geriatric populations

Concerns:

Older patients less likely than younger patients (mean 57) to be able to complete a touch-screen enabled computer-assisted self-interview [38]

Older patients less likely than patients aged 18–64 to complete PROMs [11]

Late responses to web-based PRO platform associated with older age [62]

Among elderly patients using smartphone-based PROs, there was a discrepancy between perceived vs. actual survey completion adherence [57]

Needs:

Self-administered web-based collection system for elderly patients required little assistance from staff [56]

Older, majority Black, low-income hemodialysis patients found iPad-based PROs easy to use, but desired a tutorial video [59]

Preferences:

Older patients in home health care settings found tablet-based PRO collection easy to use with a preference for using finger over stylus [61]

Other:

Smartphone-based PROs successful among elderly patients [57]

Sexual and gender minority populations

Concerns:

n/a

Needs:

n/a

Preferences:

ePRO collection was appreciated by a > 50% LGBTQ clinic population [40]

Other:

ePRO collection made participants of a > 50% LGBTQ clinic population feel that they more direct participants in their care [40]