Table 1 Characteristics of the studies
| Â | Population | Fracture characteristics | Instrument administration | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Studies in alphabethic order | N | Age Mean (SD, range) yr | Gender % female | Fracture (% of total sample) | Location fracture(s) | Treatment surgical/ non-surgical | Time since fracture/treatment | Setting | Country | Language |
Binkley, Stratford [23] | 107 | Mean 44 (SD 16.2) | 54.2% | 10.2% | Knee, thigh, foot, ankle | Unclear | 6 (0–250) weeks since onset | Physical therapy clinics | United States and Canada | English |
Garratt, Naumann [32] | 959 (returned: 567) | Mean 57.5 (Range 22.2- 91.2) | 56.8% | 100% | Ankle (Weber A 2.6%, Weber B 67.5%, Weber C 27.5%) | Operative fixation of closed ankle fractures |  > 3 years after treatment | 2 hospitals in SE Norway | Norway | Norwegian |
Hsu, Tsai [31] | 20 | Median 38.0 (IQR 18.0) | 70% | 50% (100% cases) | Ankle | Cast Immobilization ± open reduction and internal fixation | 4 months (median) after fracture | Rehabilitation department of a teaching hospital | Taiwan | Chinese |
Lin, Moseley [33] | 306 | Mean 45.1 (SD 15.7) | 50.3% | 100% | Ankle | 56.3% surgical | Within 7Â days of cast removal | Outpatient physical therapy departments of 3 teaching hospitals, outpatient orthopedic clinic of 2 teaching hospitals | Australia | English |
Ponkilainen, Tukiainen [36] | 165 | Mean 54.6 (SD 19.7) | 54.5% | 95.5% trauma (n = 156), infection (n = 6), tumor (n = 2) or osteoarthritis (n = 1) | Ankle (n = 133), hindfoot (n = 16), midfoot (n = 7), forefoot (n = 3) or more locations (n = 6) | Ankle fracture osteosynthesis, removal of implants from foot or ankle, tibiotalar joint fusion | Averagely 4 years (range from 1 month to 10 years) after surgery | Database | Finland | Finnish |
Repo, Tukiainen [34] | 166 | Mean 55.0 (SD 16.0) | 53% | 90% | ankle, foot | 100% surgical | 4 years (0–14) time since surgery | Helsinki University Hospital | Finland | Finnish |
Repo, Tukiainen [35] | 182 | Mean 55.0 (SD 16.0) | 53.5% | 89% | ankle, foot | 100% surgical | 3.2Â years (9.6) since surgery | Helsinki University Hospital | Finland | Finnish |