Fig. 1

The Rapkin and Schwartz theoretical model. This model tests for response-shift effects by predicting residualized QOL change. Antecedents are adjusted as covariates in the “standard QOL model”, and the unexplained variance (residuals) is modeled as a function of catalysts and appraisal processes. Main effects of appraisal reflect direct response shift, and catalyst-by-appraisal interaction effects reflect moderated response shift