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Table 2 EQ-5D-5L, WHODAS, and PROMIS domains

From: The health impact of long COVID: a cross-sectional examination of health-related quality of life, disability, and health status among individuals with self-reported post-acute sequelae of SARS CoV-2 infection at various points of recovery

Domain variable

Mean

SD

Frequency (%)

1

2

3

4

5

EQ-5D-5L

Mobility

2.02

0.99

31 (37.4)

26 (31.3)

20 (24.1)

5 (6.0)

1 (1.2)

Self-care

1.65

0.92

49 (59.0)

18 (21.7)

13 (15.7)

2 (2.4)

1 (1.2)

Usual activities

3.32

1.05

3 (3.7)

13 (15.9)

35 (42.7)

17 (20.7)

14 (17.1)

Pain/discomfort

2.73

0.97

10 (12.2)

18 (22.0)

42 (51.2)

8 (9.8)

4 (4.9)

Anxiety/depression

2.46

1.31

23 (28.1)

24 (29.3)

19 (23.2)

6 (7.3)

10 (12.2)

WHODAS v2.0

Standing for long periods

3.18

1.31

10 (13.7)

11 (15.1)

23 (31.5)

14 (19.2)

15 (20.6)

Household responsibilities

3.25

1.00

4 (5.5)

10 (13.7)

30 (41.1)

22 (30.1)

7 (9.6)

Learning a new task

2.73

1.29

15 (20.6)

20 (27.4)

16 (21.9)

14 (19.2)

8 (11.0)

Joining in community activities

3.52

1.00

1 (1.4)

10 (13.7)

26 (35.6)

22 (30.1)

14 (19.2)

Emotionally affected by health problems

3.56

1.00

2 (2.7)

9 (12.3)

20 (27.4)

30 (41.1)

12 (16.4)

Concentrating for ten minutes

2.92

1.11

9 (12.3)

15 (20.6)

28 (38.4)

15 (20.6)

6 (8.2)

Walking a long distance

3.48

1.38

8 (11.0)

10 (13.7)

19 (26.0)

11 (15.1)

25 (34.3)

Washing whole body

1.97

1.11

34 (46.6)

16 (21.9)

16 (21.9)

5 (6.9)

2 (2.7)

Getting dressed

1.77

0.91

36 (49.3)

21 (28.8)

14 (19.2)

1 (1.4)

1 (1.4)

Dealing with people you do not know

2.67

1.25

19 (26.0)

10 (13.7)

25 (34.3)

14 (19.2)

5 (6.9)

Maintaining a friendship

2.68

1.14

13 (17.8)

17 (23.3)

29 (39.7)

8 (11.0)

6 (8.2)

Day to day work

3.78

1.13

1 (1.4)

10 (13.7)

20 (27.4)

15 (20.6)

27 (37.0)

PROMIS v1.2 Global Health

Physical Health Score

10.65

2.85

 

Mental Health Score

8.56

3.45

Health

1.88

0.99

35 (43.8)

27 (33.8)

13 (16.3)

3 (3.8)

2 (2.5)

Quality of life

1.83

0.98

35 (43.8)

32 (40.0)

8 (10.0)

2 (2.5)

3 (3.8)

Physical health

1.89

0.96

34 (42.5)

28 (35.0)

14 (17.5)

2 (2.5)

2 (2.5)

Mental health

2.14

0.97

20 (25.3)

37 (46.8)

16 (20.3)

3 (3.8)

3 (3.8)

Social activities and relationships

1.90

1.06

37 (46.8)

22 (27.9)

13 (16.5)

5 (6.3)

2 (2.5)

Everyday physical activities

3.01

1.18

5 (6.2)

27 (33.3)

24 (29.6)

12 (14.8)

13 (16.1)

Pain

3.23

0.91

1 (1.2)

17 (21.0)

31 (38.3)

26 (32.1)

6 (7.4)

Fatigue

2.57

0.87

8 (9.9)

30 (37.0)

33 (40.7)

9 (11.1)

1 (1.2)

Social activities

1.70

0.89

41 (51.3)

27 (33.8)

8 (10.0)

3 (3.8)

1 (1.3)

Anxiety/depression

2.67

1.28

18 (22.8)

20 (25.3)

18 (22.8)

16 (20.3)

7 (8.9)

  1. The EQ-5D-5L has five domains in which participants rate their problems associated with each of the domains, ranging from no problem (1) to extreme or unable to do (5)
  2. The WHODAS 2.0 12-item assessment asks participants to rate the difficulty they experienced in different areas in the previous 30 days, ranging “none” (1) to “extreme or cannot do” (5)
  3. The PROMIS v1.2 has participants rate their current status in each of these domains. Scores closer to (5) indicate better health