Table 1 EQ-5D-5L utility values, WHODAS scores, and PROMIS scores stratified by select demographic and clinical characteristics
Variable | N (%) | Median (IQR) utility value (n = 82) | Median (IQR) WHODAS score (n = 73) | Median (IQR) PROMIS PH score (n = 80) | Median (IQR) PROMIS MH score (n = 77) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 82 (100) | 0.59 (0.42) | 50.0 (27.1) | 10.5 (4.0) | 8.0 (4.0) |
Time since onset of infection/symptoms | |||||
0–6 months | 15 (18.3) | 0.62 (0.81) | 41.7 (31.3) | 12.0 (6.0) | 6.0 (5.0) |
7–12 months | 20 (24.4) | 0.59 (0.31) | 44.8 (25.0) | 9.0 (4.0) | 8.0 (6.0) |
13–18 months | 14 (17.1) | 0.48 (0.35) | 62.5 (20.9) | 10.0 (3.0) | 8.0 (5.0) |
19+ months | 20 (24.4) | 0.59 (0.33) | 53.2 (16.6) | 11.0 (3.0) | 8.0 (3.0) |
Unknown/Missing* | 13 (15.9) | 0.62 (0.39) | 47.9 (41.7) | 11.5 (6.0) | 9.5 (5.0) |
Severity of acute COVID-19 infection | |||||
Asymptomatic | 4 (4.9) | 0.33 (0.56) | 58.4 (30.3) | 8.0 (3.0) | 7.0 (4.5) |
Mild | 35 (42.7) | 0.62 (0.51) | 45.9 (33.3) | 12.0 (5.0) | 8.0 (5.5) |
Moderate | 36 (43.9) | 0.53 (0.33) | 52.1 (25.0) | 10.0 (3.5) | 8.0 (4.0) |
Severe | 3 (3.7) | 0.60 (0.19) | 37.5 (14.6) | 11.0 (3.0) | 9.0 (6.0) |
Unknown/missing* | 4 (4.9) | 0.74 (0.29) | 47.9 (39.5) | 12.0 (2.0) | 13.0 (6.0) |
Gender | |||||
Women | 44 (53.7) | 0.59 (0.32) | 52.1 (27.1)† | 10.0 (4.0)† | 8.5 (4.0) |
Men | 30 (36.6) | 0.59 (0.50) | 42.8 (33.4)† | 12.0 (4.0)† | 6.5 (5.0) |
Unknown/missing* | 8 (9.8) | 0.60 (0.67) | 47.9 (33.3) | 10.0 (5.0) | 8.0 (5.0) |
Age | |||||
18–29 | 21 (25.3) | 0.36 (0.53) | 47.9 (31.3) | 11.0 (5.0) | 6.0 (5.5) |
30–49 | 31 (37.4) | 0.62 (0.19) | 51.1 (25.0) | 11.0 (3.0) | 8.0 (3.0) |
50+ | 19 (22.9) | 0.59 (0.38) | 50.0 (31.3) | 9.0 (4.0) | 9.0 (5.0) |
Unknown/missing* | 11 (14.5) | 0.54 (0.67) | 50.0 (12.5) | 9.5 (5.0) | 7.0 (4.0) |
Education status | |||||
Less than Bachelor’s Degree | 20 (24.4) | 0.64 (0.30) | 43.8 (27.1) | 12.0 (6.0) | 6.0 (4.0) |
Bachelor’s Degree | 35 (42.7) | 0.56 (0.31) | 52.1 (27.1) | 10.0 (4.0) | 8.5 (4.0) |
Master’s or Doctorate | 19 (23.2) | 0.59 (0.50) | 52.1 (33.3) | 10.0 (4.0) | 7.5 (5.0) |
Unknown/Missing* | 8 (9.8) | 0.60 (0.67) | 47.9 (33.3) | 10.0 (5.0) | 8.0 (5.0) |
Geographic setting | |||||
Urban/suburban | 57 (69.5) | 0.56 (0.39) | 52.1 (29.2) | 10.5 (4.5) | 8.0 (5.0) |
Rural | 15 (18.3) | 0.60 (0.39) | 51.1 (22.9) | 10.0 (4.0) | 8.0 (2.0) |
Unknown/missing* | 10 (12.2) | 0.69 (0.67) | 47.9 (29.1) | 11.0 (4.0) | 8.0 (4.0) |
Insurance | |||||
Private | 23 (28.1) | 0.52 (0.35) | 47.9 (20.9) | 10.0 (3.0) | 8.0 (5.0) |
Government | 17 (20.7) | 0.56 (0.22) | 53.2 (21.9) | 11.0 (4.0) | 8.0 (2.5) |
Other Insurance | 2 (2.4) | 0.68 (0.19) | 31.3 (33.3) | 10.5 (7.0) | 13.5 (5.0) |
Uninsured | 10 (12.2) | 0.68 (0.22) | 45.9 (29.2) | 10.5 (5.0) | 8.5 (3.0) |
Unknown/missing* | 33 (40.2) | 0.60 (0.58) | 51.1 (37.5) | 11.0 (5.0) | 7.5 (4.5) |
BMI | |||||
< 25 | 35 (42.7) | 0.56 (0.60) | 47.9 (31.3) | 10.0 (4.0) | 8.0 (5.0) |
25 to < 30 | 13 (15.7) | 0.58 (0.29) | 46.9 (20.9) | 12.0 (5.0) | 8.0 (1.0) |
30+ | 15 (18.1) | 0.59 (0.32) | 47.9 (20.8) | 11.0 (5.0) | 8.0 (5.0) |
Unknown/missing* | 19 (24.1) | 0.63 (0.37) | 52.1 (2.1) | 10.0 (3.0) | 8.0 (6.0) |
Exercise per week (pre-COVID) | |||||
0 to < 2 h | 19 (23.2) | 0.59 (0.26)† | 43.8 (23.0) | 11.0 (5.0) | 8.0 (4.0) |
2 to < 5 h | 26 (31.7) | 0.63 (0.43)† | 47.9 (27.1) | 11.0 (2.0) | 8.0 (5.0) |
5+ hours | 31 (37.8) | 0.41 (0.51)† | 56.3 (24.0) | 9.0 (4.0) | 8.0 (5.0) |
Unknown/missing* | 6 (7.3) | 0.76 (0.34) | 35.5 (33.3) | 11.0 (4.0) | 8.0 (3.0) |
COVID status | |||||
Confirmed | 49 (59.8) | 0.56 (0.45) | 47.9 (25.0) | 11.0 (5.0) | 8.0 (5.0) |
Suspected | 33 (40.2) | 0.59 (0.33) | 52.1 (28.2) | 10.0 (3.0) | 9.0 (4.0) |
Received COVID vaccine | |||||
Yes | 71 (86.6) | 0.58 (0.40) | 52.1 (27.1) | 10.0 (4.0) | 8.0 (4.0) |
No | 10 (12.2) | 0.63 (0.50) | 41.7 (14.6) | 11.5 (5.0) | 7.5 (6.0) |
Symptom count (previous 30 days) | |||||
< 10 | 36 (43.9) | 0.61 (0.40)† | 41.7 (27.1)† | 11.0 (4.0)† | 8.0 (6.0) |
10–29 | 27 (32.9) | 0.68 (0.43)† | 43.8 (18.8)† | 12.0 (4.0)† | 8.0 (4.0) |
30+ | 19 (23.2) | 0.44 (0.31)† | 62.5 (18.7)† | 8.0 (3.0)† | 8.0 (3.0) |
Long COVID clinic | |||||
Yes | 14 (18.4) | 0.29 (0.65)† | 49.0 (29.2) | 9.0 (3.0)† | 6.5 (3.0)† |
No | 58 (76.3) | 0.59 (0.39)† | 56.3 (27.0) | 11.0 (4.0)† | 8.0 (5.0)† |
Medication use specific to long COVID | |||||
Yes | 47 (57.3) | 0.54 (0.46) | 53.2 (25.0)† | 10.0 (4.0) | 8.0 (5.0) |
No | 25 (30.5) | 0.59 (0.31) | 43.8 (25.0)† | 11.0 (5.0) | 9.0 (5.0) |
Unsure* | 3 (3.7) | 0.41 (0.24) | 35.4 (14.6) | 12.0 (3.0) | 9.0 (10.0) |
Unknown/missing* | 7 (8.5) | 0.78 (0.39) | 35.4 (18.7) | 11.0 (4.0) | – |