Using patient-reported outcome measures to assess psychological well-being in a non-representative US general population during the COVID-19 pandemic

Kaur, Manraj N.; Tsangaris, Elena; Dey, Tanujit; Deibert, Shelby; Kueper, Janina; Edelen, Maria; Pusic, Andrea L.

doi:10.1186/s41687-022-00526-y

Journal of Patient-Reported Outcomes

Table 3 Regression analyses results

From: Using patient-reported outcome measures to assess psychological well-being in a non-representative US general population during the COVID-19 pandemic

Variable	PROMIS Global 10-physical score		PROMIS Global 10-mental score		GAD-7		PHQ-9
Variable	Co-efficient (95% CI)	p value	Co-efficient (95% CI)	p value	Co-efficient (95% CI)	p value	Co-efficient (95% CI)	p value
Age (reference: young adults)
Middle-aged adults	− 0.13 (− 1.0, 0.75)	0.77	0.52 (− 0.42, 1.5)	0.28	− 1.2 (− 1.7, − 0.57)	< 0.001	− 0.87 (− 1.5, − 0.22)	0.008
Older adults	− 0.37 (− 2.2, 1.4)	0.68	2.4 (0.48, 4.3)	0.014	− 1.7 (− 2.9, − 0.54)	0.004	− 1.6 (− 2.9, − 0.24)	0.020
Gender (reference: male)
Female	− 1.0 (− 1.7, − 0.38)	0.002	− 1.6 (− 2.3, − 0.86)	< 0.001	1.5 (1.1, 1.9)	< 0.001	1.2 (0.74, 1.7)	< 0.001
Other	− 2.6 (− 5.7, 0.60)	0.11	− 8.4 (− 12, − 5.0)	< 0.001	2.9 (0.79, 5.0)	0.007	3.5 (1.2, 5.8)	0.003
BMI (reference: BMI ≤ 29.99)
Obese (BMI ≥ 30)	− 3.7 (− 4.5, − 2.9)	< 0.001	− 2.1 (− 3.0, − 1.2)	< 0.001	0.61 (0.07, 1.2)	0.028	1.1 (0.49, 1.7)	< 0.001
Ethnicity (reference: White)
Non-White	− 1.0 (− 1.7, − 0.31)	0.005	− 0.91 (− 1.6, − 0.17)	0.016	− 0.11 (− 0.58, 0.35)	0.63	0.37 (− 0.14, 0.88)	0.15
Marital status (reference: married/living common-law)
Others (e.g., single, divorced, widowed, separated)	− 0.48 (− 1.3, 0.32)	0.24	− 2.6 (− 3.5, − 1.8)	< 0.001	0.40 (− 0.13, 0.94)	0.14	1.0 (0.43, 1.6)	< 0.001
Living arrangement (reference: live alone)
Live with someone	− 0.39 (− 1.3, 0.54)	0.41	0.08 (− 0.91, 1.1)	0.88	0.00 (− 0.61, 0.62)	0.99	− 0.26 (− 0.94, 0.42)	0.46
Education attainment (reference: Low—less than college, trade or university diploma)
High—completed college, trade, university diploma or higher	0.51 (− 0.18, 1.2)	0.14	1.1 (0.38, 1.9)	0.003	− 0.44 (− 0.89, 0.02)	0.063	− 0.85 (− 1.4, − 0.34)	< 0.001
Annual Income (reference: ≤ $49,999)
≥ $50,000	1.8 (1.2, 2.5)	< 0.001	1.6 (0.86, 2.3)	< 0.001	− 0.47 (− 0.93, − 0.01)	0.044	− 0.56 (− 1.1, − 0.05)	0.030
Insurance status (reference: uninsured)
Insured	1.1 (0.37, 1.9)	0.004	1.8 (1.0, 2.6)	< 0.001	− 0.92 (− 1.4, − 0.41)	< 0.001	− 1.3 (− 1.8, − 0.70)	< 0.001
Prior psychiatric illness (reference: no prior psychiatric illness)
Prior psychiatric illness	3.9 (3.1, 4.6)	< 0.001	6.2 (5.4, 6.9)	< 0.001	− 3.7 (− 4.1, − 3.2)	< 0.001	− 4.1 (− 4.6, − 3.6)	< 0.001
Believe that COVID-19 is deadlier than flue (reference: believe COVID-19 is not deadlier than flu)
Believe COVID-19 is deadlier than flu	1.2 (0.39, 1.9)	0.003	1.6 (0.75, 2.4)	< 0.001	− 1.0 (− 1.5, − 0.45)	< 0.001	− 1.1 (− 1.6, − 0.50)	< 0.001

Bold indicates significant p value; CI, confidence interval

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