Table 1 Basic characteristics of the included studies
References | Study design | Patient population | Sample size | Female percentage | Mean age in years (SD) | Mean follow-up (SD) | PROMIS scores in T scores, mean (SD) | Type of PROMIS form | Level of trauma center |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anthony et al. [43] | Randomized controlled trial | Traumatic upper or lower extremity fracture (Ankle fracture, calcaneus fracture, clavicle fracture, distal femur fracture, distal humerus fracture, elbow fracture, femoral shaft fracture, femoral neck fracture, intertrochanteric hip fracture, navicular fracture, patella fracture, polytrauma, proximal humerus fracture, sub trochanteric fracture, tibia plateau fracture, tibia plafond fracture) | 82 | 50% (n = 41) | Acceptance and commitment therapy group 45.5 (15.9), Control group 48.7 (14.6) | NA | Acceptance and commitment therapy group, preoperative results: PROMIS Pain Intensity 1A Score 5.4 (2.9), PROMIS Pain Intensity 3A Score, 54.9 (7.3), PROMIS Pain Interference 8A score, 63.6 (11.4), PROMIS Emotional Distress-Anxiety 8A Score, 56.5 (11.4) Postoperative results: PROMIS Pain Intensity 1A Score, 3.4 (2.2), PROMIS Pain Intensity 3A Score, 45.9 (7.2) PROMIS Pain Interference 8A score, 56.6 (9.4) PROMIS Emotional Distress-Anxiety 8A, 51.5 (10.4) Control group, Preoperative results: PROMIS Pain Intensity 1A Score, 6.2 (2.6), PROMIS Pain Intensity 3A Score, 57.1 (8.2), PROMIS Pain Interference 8A score, 66.1 (8.4), PROMIS Emotional Distress-Anxiety 8A Score, 56.5 (9.2). Postoperative results: PROMIS Pain Intensity 1A Score, 4.1 (2.4), PROMIS Pain Intensity 3A Score, 49.7 (8.8), PROMIS Pain Interference 8A, 60.6 (8.2), PROMIS Emotional Distress-Anxiety 8A 52.3 (10.6) | PROMIS PI 1A Short form, PROMIS Pain Intensity 3A Short form, PROMIS PI 8A Short form, and PROMIS Emotional Distress-Anxiety 8A Short form | Level I |
Bakhsh et al. [44] | Observational, retrospective cohort study | Unstable ankle fracture | 209 | NA | 45 (range 16–84 years) | NA | PROMIS mood, under/uninsured 54, fully insured 49.1. PROMIS PF, under/ uninsured 38, fully insured 44.7. PROMIS PI, under/ uninsured 59.6, fully insured 55.5 | PROMIS PF, PROMIS PI, PROMIS Mood | Level I |
Bhashyam et al. [45] | Observational, retrospective study | Nonunion of the distal humerus after humerus fracture | 7 | 42.9% (n = 3) | 53.3 (range 41–75 years) | 22 years (SD 3, range 19–27) | PROMIS PI 49.2 ± 9.1 (range 41.6–66.6), PROMIS Depression 49.7 ± 9.5 (range 41–63.6), PROMIS PF UE 41.8 ± 14.9 (range 19.3–58.2) | PROMIS PI, PROMIS Depression, PROMIS PF UE | NA |
Bhashyam et al. [20] | Randomized controlled trial | Distal humerus fracture | 76 | 67.1% (n = 51) | 58 (range 22–94 years) | 10.3 months (7.1) | PROMIS PF 41.7 ± 11.1, PROMIS PF UE 40.8 ± 12.4, PROMIS global (physical) 44.7 ± 11.6, PROMIS global (mental) 52.2 ± 10.4 | PROMIS PF 10a, PROMIS PF UE 16a and PROMIS Global physical and Mental Health | Level I |
Bozzio et al. [46] | Observational, retrospective cohort study | Acetabular fracture treated with closed reduction and percutaneous fixation | 19 | 26.3% (n = 5) | 47.5 (range 14–72 years) | 18.7 months (range 15–29) | PROMIS PF mobility 66.4 | PROMIS PF mobility | Level I |
Carney et al. [47] | Observational, retrospective cohort study | Supination-adduction type II (AO/OTA 44A2.3) ankle fracture Observational, retrospective cohort study | 65 | 46.1% (n = 30) | 37 (14) | 20.5 weeks (range 0.4–60.9) | PROMIS Physical Function 42.3 ± 11.3, PROMIS Pain Interference 55.8 ± 7.8 | PROMIS PF and PROMIS PI | Level I, a private, academic tertiary referral center |
Cavallero et al. [33] | Observational, retrospective cohort study | Bicondylar tibial plateau (BTP) fracture, complete articular, BTP fractures (AO/OTA 41- C and Schatzker 6) | 46 | 47.8% (n = 22) | Locking group 51, Non-locking group 49 | 24.3 months (12–41) | Locking group, PROMIS PF 39, Non-locking group, PROMIS PF 41. Locking group, PROMIS PI 60, Non-locking group, PROMIS PI 57 | PROMIS PF and PROMIS PI | Level I |
Dean et al. [22] | Observational, retrospective cohort study | Closed ankle fracture | 142 | 45.1% (n = 64) | 52.7 (SD 14.7) | 6.3 years (range 2–14) | PROMIS PF 51.9 (10.0), PROMIS PI 47.8 (8.45) | PROMIS PF and PROMIS PI | Level I |
Eguia et al. [48] | Observational, retrospective cohort study | Supracondylar Humerus Fracture treated with lateral pinning or with crossed pinning | 142 | 51% (n = 71) | 5.2 (SD 2.0) | 4.4 years (range 2–10) | Crossed pinning PROMIS PF UE 57 ± 6.2, PROMIS Pain interference 12 ± 0, PROMIS Strength impact 54 ± 1.6 Lateral Pinning (N = 93), PROMIS PF UE 56 ± 7.2, Pain interference 12 ± 3.2, Strength impact 53 ± 4.0 | PROMIS Parent Proxy questionnaires: PROMIS PF UE CAT, PROMIS PI CAT and PROMIS Strength Impact short form A | Academic medical center |
Eguia et al. [35] | Observational, retrospective cohort study | Supracondylar humerus fracture | 213 | 49% (n = 104) | 5.1 (SD 2.1) | 5.0 (SD 2.1, range 2.0–10) | PROMIS PF UE 57 ± 5.5, 12 ± 2.1 for Pain Interference, PROMIS Strength Impact 54 ± 2.6 | PROMIS Strength Impact, PROMIS PF UE and PROMIS PI | Tertiary care hospital |
Evans et al. [49] | Observational, retrospective comparative study | Upper extremity fracture (wrist/hand, humerus, forearm, other) | 297 | 32.3% (n = 96) | Least deprived quartile 12 (SD 2), most deprived quartile 12 (SD 3) | NA | NA | PROMIS Pediatric: PROMIS PF UE CAT, PROMIS PI CAT and PROMIS Peer Relationships CAT | Tertiary academic medical center |
Fuchs et al. [50] | Observational, retrospective cohort study | Unstable ankle fracture | 51 | 39.2 (n = 20) | Arthroscopy group 38.3, Non-arthroscopy group 40.3 | 67 months | PROMIS PF arthroscopy group 57.8, PROMIS PF non-arthroscopy group 54.5 PROMIS PI arthroscopy group 45.6, PROMIS PI non arthroscopy group 46.9 | PROMIS PF CAT and PROMIS PI CAT | NA |
Gausden et al. [21] | Observational, prospective cohort study | Unstable ankle fracture | 132 | 59.8% (n = 79) | 46.7 (SD 17.9) | NA | NA | PROMIS PF CAT and PROMIS LE PF CAT | NA |
Gausden et al. [51] | Observational, prospective cohort study | Upper extremity fracture (olecranon, coronoid, radial head, and distal humeral fractures, humeral shaft, proximal humeral, or clavicular fracture) | 174 | 58.6% (n = 102) | 53.0 (range 15–90 years) | 5.2 months (range, 1.3–16.7) | NA | PROMIS PF, PROMIS PI and PROMIS PF UE | NA |
Gerull et al. [52] | Observational, cross-sectional study | Upper extremity fracture (humeral shaft, distal humerus, proximal forearm, distal forearm, unspecified, wrist/hand, forearm) | 964 | 46.2% (n = 446) | NA | NA | PROMIS Upper extremity Parent proxy 30 (10, range 14–56, PROMIS Mobility Parent proxy Mean 45 (9, range 22–60), PROMIS Peer relationship Parent proxy 50 (10, range 15–66), PROMIS Pain interference Parent proxy Mean 54 (8, range 22–78). PROMIS PF UE self-administered 33 (11, range 14–57), PROMIS PF Mobility self-administered 44.9 (9, range 23–62), PROMIS Peer relationship self-administered 52.5 (10, range 17–66), PROMIS PI self-administered 48.7 (8, range 32–74) | PROMIS Parent Proxy questionnaires: PROMIS PF UE, PF Mobility, PROMIS PI and PROMIS Peer Relationships. PROMIS Pediatric: PROMIS PF UE, PF Mobility, PROMIS PI and PROMIS Peer Relationships | Tertiary orthopedic center |
Gilley et al. [53] | Observational, prospective comparative study | Unstable ankle fracture | 126 | 84.0% (n = 60) | 45 (SD 14.0) | NA | PROMIS results mean (SD) [range]: isolated lateral malleolar (PF: 50 (11.4) [15.4–73.3]/PI: 51 (10.9) [38.7–83.8]), isolated medial malleolar (PF: 52 (8.2) [44.2–73.3]/ PI: 49 (8.4) [38.6–61.5]), bi-malleolar (PF: 47 (11.8) [26.3–73.3]/PI: 50 (11.5) [38.7–70.3]), tri-malleolar (PF: 48 (9.4) [24.1–73.3]/PI: 51 (8.3) [38.6–70.2]), isolated posterior malleolar (PF: 53 (7.7) [47.0–68.8]/PI: 44 (6.7) [38.7–56.0]), and isolated syndesmotic injury (PF: 60 (9.8) [49.8–73.3]/PI: 46 (7.5) [38.7–54.6]) | PROMIS PF and PROMIS PI | NA |
Glogovac et al. [54] | Observational, retrospective cohort study | Distal ulnar head and neck fracture | 58 | NA | 56 (range 21–89 years) | 27 months (range, 6–92 months) | distal ulna resection group PROMIS PF UE 34, non-operative group PROMIS PF UE 38, ORIF group PROMIS PF UE 45 | PROMIS PF UE | Academic institution |
Jayakumar et al. [36] | Observational, prospective longitudinal cohort study | Isolated distal radial fracture | 364 | 78% (n = 284) | 61 (SD 20, (range 18–99 years) | NA | < 1 Week After Injury†: PROMIS PF UE 21.2 (19.3–25.7), PROMIS PI 69.6 (63.1–73), PROMIS Depression 54.1 (46.1–58.6), PROMIS Anxiety 57 (44.3–58.1), PROMIS ES NM, PROMIS IS NM 2–4 Weeks After Injury†: PROMIS UE 27.2 (23.9–30.9), PROMIS PI 65.6 (62.6–68.1), PROMIS Depression 46.1 (39.4–58.6), PROMIS Anxiety 42.7 (32.9–62.1), PROMIS ES 56.2 (39.6–58.8), PROMIS IS 57.6 (45.3 -59.2). 6–9 Months After Injury†: PROMIS PF UE 43.9 (35–56.4), PROMIS PI: NM, PROMIS Depression NM, PROMIS Anxiety NM, PROMIS ES NM, PROMIS IS NM | PROMIS PF UE CAT, PROMIS Depression CAT, PROMIS Anxiety CAT, PROMIS PI CAT, PROMIS ES, PROMIS IS | Level I |
Jayakumar et al. [55] | Observational, prospective longitudinal cohort study | Isolated proximal humerus, elbow, or distal radial fracture | 744 | 66.9% (n = 498) | 58.5 (SD 20.4, range, 18–97 years) | NA | < 1 Wk. After Fracture: PROMIS UE: 24.2 ± 6.2, Range 14.7–56.4, PROMIS PF: 32.4 ± 6.1, Range 23.5–55.8 2–4 Wk. After Fracture: PROMIS 29.2 ± 5.9, Range 15.6–45.7, PROMIS PF: 36.4 ± 8.4, Range 23.5–51.4 6–9 Months After Fracture: UE 43.2 ± 10.7, Range 19.5–56.4, PROMIS PF: 51.7 ± 12.8, Range 23.5–73.3 | PROMIS PF and PROMIS PF UE | Level I |
Jayakumar et al. [56] | Observational, prospective institutional review | Isolated proximal humerus, elbow, and distal radius fractures | 744 | 66.9% (n = 498) | 59 (SD 20) | NA | PROMIS PF: < 1 week after injury, 32 ± 6, At 2–4 weeks after injury 36 ± 8, At 6–9 months after injury 52 ± 13. PROMIS UE PF: < than 1 week after injury, number 744, Mean (SD) 24 ± 6, At 2–4 weeks after injury 29 ± 6, At 6–9 months after injury 43 ± 11 | PROMIS PF and PROMIS PF UE | Level I |
Jayakumar et al. [37] | Observational, prospective longitudinal cohort study | Isolated elbow fracture | 183 | 49.7% (n = 91) | 48.2 (SD 20.2; range, 18–93 years) | NA | PROMIS UE PF: < 1 week after injury 30.1 ± 6.4, Range 15.7–56.4, Value at 2–4 weeks after injury 34.3 ± 6, Range 21–45.7, Value at 6–9 months after injury 46.5 ± 10.1, Range 22.5–56.4 PROMIS PI: < 1 week after injury 63.6 ± 7.3, Range (36.3–78.9), Value at 2–4 weeks after injury 57 ± 11.9, Range 0–71.6, Value at 6–9 months after injury 47.8 + 10.7, Range 34.8–74.1 PROMIS Depression: < than 1 week after injury 51.9 ± 13.2, Range (34.2–76.4), Value at 2–4 weeks after injury 47.6 ± 12.7, Range 34.2–76.3, Value at 6–9 months after injury 41.9 ± 10.8, Range 34.2–66.7 PROMIS Anxiety: < 1 week after injury 49.1 ± 9.2, Range 32.9–69.1, Value at 2–4 weeks after injury 44.9 ± 10.8, Range 32.9–69.4, Value at 6–9 months after injury 40.8 ± 11.3, Range 32.7–67.1 PROMIS ES: < 1 week after injury NM, Range NM. Value at 2–4 weeks after injury 54.7 ± 9.3, Range 31.5–66.9, Value at 6–9 months after injury 54.2 ± 9, Range 33.6–66.2 PROMIS IS: < 1 week after injury: NM, Range NM, Value at 2–4 weeks after injury 54.8 + 7.4, Range 35.1–66.1, Value at 6–9 months after injury 54.7 ± 6.6, Range 41.2–62.1 | PROMIS PF UE, PROMIS PI, PROMIS Depression, PROMIS Anxiety, PROMIS ES and PROMIS IS | Level I |
Jayakumar et al. [38] | Observational, prospective cohort study | Isolated fracture of the proximal humerus, elbow, or distal radius | 744 | 66.9% (n = 798) | 58.5 (SD 20.4; 18–97 years) | NA | NA | PROMIS PI, PROMIS Depression, PROMIS Anxiety, PROMIS ES and PROMIS IS | Level I |
Jayakumar et al. [39] | Observational, prospective longitudinal cohort study | Proximal humeral fracture | 177 | 72.3% (n = 128) | 66 (SD 16; 18- 95 years) | NA | PROMIS UE PF CAT: Value at < 1 wk. after injury, 21.9 (5.5; 14.7–40.7), Value at 2–4 wks. after injury, 27.1 (5.4; 15.6–41), Value at 6–9 mths after injury, 40.5 (9.9; 26.2–56.4). PROMIS PI: Value at < 1 wk. after injury, 68 (6.8; 38.1–76.9), Value at 2–4 wks. after injury, 66.9 (5.9; 46.1–74.1), Value at 6–9 mths after injury, 52.8 (11.2; 38.7–70.3). PROMIS Depression: Value at < 1 wk. after injury, 50.7 (9.5; 34.2–75.6), Value at 2–4 wks. after injury, 50.2 (9.6; 34.2–69.2), Value at 6–9 mths after injury, 45.1 (11.5; 34.2–68). PROMIS Anxiety: Value at < 1 wk. after injury, 52.2 (11.6; 32.9–76.2), Value at 2–4 wks. after injury, 47 (10.4; 32.9–69.6), Value at 6–9 mths after injury, 44.2 (11.2; 32.9–63.3). PROMIS ES: Value at < 1 wk. after injury, NM, Value at 2–4 wks. after injury, 51.6 (12.1; 32.6–66.2), Value at 6–9 mths after injury, 51.3 (11.4; 31.5–66.2). PROMIS IS: Value at < 1 wk. after injury, NM, Value at 2–4 wks. after injury, 55 (9.5; 38.8–66.2), Value at 6–9 mths after injury, 53.5 (9.1; 38.8–66.2 | PROMIS PF UE, PROMIS PI, PROMIS Depression, PROMIS Anxiety, PROMIS ES and PROMIS IS | Level I |
Kaat et al. [57] | Observational, prospective cross-sectional and longitudinal study | Complete intra-articular distal humeral fracture | 424 | 53,9% (n = 228) | 47,3 (SD 17,4) | NA | PROMIS UE-CAT, overall, Time 1: 32.8 (SD 9,5), Time 2: 42.5 (SD 8.6). PROMIS PF-SF8a, Overall, Time 1: 41.6 (SD 6.9), Time 2: N 131, 48.9 (SD 7.5) | PROMIS PF UE CAT and PROMIS PF short form 8a | Level I |
Kaiser et al. [58] | Observational, retrospective cohort study | Isolated distal radial fracture | 56 | 71.4% (n = 40) | ORIF with olecranon osteotomy 76.9 (range 65–92). Limited fixation 79.8 (range 65–96) | 15.2 months (range 12–97 months) | PROMIS PI: ORIF with osteotomy, 53.1. Limited fixation group 52.14. PROMIS PF: ORIF with osteotomy, 41.7. Limited fixation group 41.1 | PROMIS PF and PROMIS PI | Orthopedic trauma center |
Kempton et al. [59] | Observational, prospective cohort study | Surgically treated tibia plateau fracture | 183 | na | Group 1: 50.0, Group 2: 50.3 | group 1: 31 months, group 2: 15 months | PROMIS PF: Group 1, 41.2. Group 2, 42.8 PROMIS PI: Group 1, 55.9. Group 2, 55.6 | PROMIS PF and PROMIS PI | Level I |
Kohring et al. [60] | Observational, prospective cohort study | Ankle fracture ORIF and syndesmotic fixation | 71 | na | SSR group at initial ORIF: 43 (SD 17). cohort comparison group: 44 (SD 18) | 106 days (SD 44) | PROMIS PF: after ORIF before SSR 35.2 (SD 8.0, range 19.3–61.7). PROMIS PI: pre-screw removal 56.5 (SD 9.6, range 32.2–73.7). PROMIS depression: 46.2 (SD 9.6, range 31.9–65.7). PROMIS PF: post-screw removal 44.5 (SD 7.7, range 26.9–61.7). PROMIS PI: post-screw removal 54.1 (SD 9.2, range 32.2–71.6). PROMIS depression: 43.4 (SD 10.1, range 31.9–67.8) | PROMIS PF, PROMIS PI and PROMIS Depression | Level I |
Metcalf et al. [61] | Observational, retrospective cohort study | Intra-articular distal tibia fracture | 135 | 45% (n = 60) | 45.3 (range 16–84) | 9 months in the extra-articular group and 10 months in the intra-articular group | PROMIS PI: extra articular group 55.1 (SD 7.8). Intra-articular group 59.4 (SD 9.3) PROMIS PF: extra articular group41.9 (SD 7.6), intra-articular group 42.3 (SD 8.4) | PROMIS PF and PROMIS PI | Level I |
Minoughan et al. [62] | Observational, prospective study | fracture of the shoulder n = 7, Adhesive capsulitis (n = 13), Failed arthroplasty (n = 7), Instability (n = 23), Impingement syndrome (n = 5), Rotator cuff disease (n = 31), Other (n = 4) | 90 | 45.6% (n = 41) | 50.3 (SD 17.3, range 14–90) | NA | PROMIS PF UE: 34.9 (SD 9.6, range 14.7–61) | PROMIS PF UE | Level I |
Morgan et al. [63] | Observational, prospective study | Proximal humeral fractures | 47 | 61.7% (n = 29) | 68.0 (range 60–88) | NA | PROMIS PF CAT 44.4 | PROMIS PF CAT | Level I |
North et al. [64] | Case series | Ankle fracture | 3 | 66.7% (n = 2) | 39 (range 22–48) | NA | PROMIS PF scores at 2 wk. appointment: pt. 1: 33.27, pt. 2: 72.82, pt. 3: 24.67. PROMIS PF at 6 wk. appointment: pt. 1: 41.35, pt. 2: 37.91, pt. 3 34.93. PROMIS PF at 12 week appointment: pt. 1: 38, pt. 2: 40.27, pt. 3: 43.0 | PROMIS PF CAT | Level I |
Ochen et al. [65] | Observational, retrospective cohort study | AO/OTA 41-C or Schatzker V/ VI tibial plateau fractures | 216 | 49.5% (n = 107) | 53 (SD 13, range 24–89) | 86 months from injury (IQR; 48–134)a | PROMIS PF: 47.7 (SD 9.5) | The PROMIS PF short-form-10 | Level I |
Okike et al. [66] | Observational, retrospective cohort study | Proximal humeral fractures | 207 | 25.1% (n = 52) | 76.9 | 3.3 years | PROMIS PF CAT: non operative group 43.9, operative group 45.0 | PROMIS PF CAT | NA |
Okoroafor et al. [67] | Observational, cross-sectional evaluation | Upper extremity fractures (humeral shaft, distal humerus, proximal forearm, distal forearm, unspecified forearm, and wrist/hand) | 975 | NA | Quartile 1 Least Deprived: 12.2 (SD 2), Quartile 2: 12.1 (SD 3), Quartile 3: 12 (SD 3), Quartile 4 Most Deprived: 11.7 (SD 2) | NA | PROMIS PF UE: Quartile 1 Least Deprived: 39 (11). Quartile 2: 37 (11), Quartile 3: 36 (10), Quartile 4 Most Deprived: 35 (11). PROMIS PF Mobility CAT: Quartile 1 Least Deprived: 48 (10) Quartile 2: 47 (9) Quartile 3: 46 (9) Quartile 4 Most Deprived: 44 (9) PROMIS PI CAT: Quartile 1 Least Deprived: 46 (8), Quartile 2: 46 (8) Quartile 3: 48 (8), Quartile 4 Most Deprived: 50 (8) PROMIS Peer Relation CAT: Quartile 1 Least Deprived: 55 (10) Quartile 2: 53 (10) Quartile 3: 52 (9) Quartile 4 Most Deprived: 50 (9) | PROMIS Pediatric: PROMIS PF UE CAT, PROMIS PF Mobility CAT, PROMIS PI CAT and PROMIS Peer Relation CAT | Tertiary orthopedic center |
Ozkan et al. [68] | Double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial | Distal radius fracture | 134 | 73.9% (n = 99) | 49 (SD 17) | 6.46 months (SD 0.91 months, range, 5–9 months) | PROMIS PI: total cohort 63 (SD 7.0), Vitamin C group 65 (SD 6.4) placebo group 61 (SD 7.1) PROMIS PF UE: total cohort 27 (SD 7.7), vitamin C group 26 (SD 7.9), Placebo group 27 (SD 7.5) | PROMIS PF UE and PROMIS PI | Level I |
Pet et al. [40] | Observational, retrospective study | Proximal pole scaphoid nonunion | 41 | 14.6% (n = 6) | 24.1 (SD 5.4, range, 16–40 years) | 2.9 years (SD 1.8) | PROMIS PF UE: 50.1 PROMIS PF: 54.7 PROMIS Global Health: 56.1 PROMIS Pain intensity: 37.1 PROMIS PI: 46.5 PROMIS Pain behavior: 44.3 | PROMIS PF UE, PROMIS PF, PROMIS Global and mental Health, PROMIS Pain Intensity, PROMIS PI and PROMIS Pain Behavior | NA |
Rothrock et al. [34] | Observational, prospective cohort study | Isolated lower extremity fracture (ankle/foot, tibia/fibula, patella, femur, pelvis) | 402 | 44.0% (n = 177) | Time 1: 45, 1, (SD 16.9). Time 2: 46.7, (SD 15.2) | 80 days (range 12–364 days)a | PROMIS PF Mobility CAT: 35.5 (SD 8.5), PROMIS PF SF8a 34.2 (SD 9.1) | PROMIS PF Mobility CAT and PROMIS PF short Form 8a | Level I |
Sandvall et al. [69] | Observational, retrospective cohort study | Distal radius fracture | 187 | 82.9% (n = 155) | 56 (SD, 20; range, 18–94 years) | 35 days (IQR, 25–45)a | PROMIS Physical Function 37 (SD 10) | PROMIS PF CAT | NA |
Shah et al. [70] | Observational, retrospective cohort study | High-energy and low-energy injuries | 333 | 62.2% (n = 207) | High Energy trauma 68.78 (SD 6.83), Low Energy trauma 76.17 (SD 9.29) | NA | PROMIS PF, High-Energy Injury: 42.16 (SD 10.41), Low-Energy Injury: 24.64 (SD 10.45) | PROMIS PF | Level I |
Sharma et al. [41] | Observational, retrospective cohort study | Extra-articular scapula fracture (scapula, clavicle, and/or glenoid fracture) | 5 | 0% (n = 0) | Scapula fracture group 65.4. control group 62.4 | 5.6 years (range 3.2–9.2 years) | PROMIS global health PF for patients 50.0, control group 57.7 PROMIS global health mental for patients 50.8, control group 67.6 PROMIS PF SF12a for patients 52.4, control group 52.4 | PROMIS PF short form 12a and PROMIS Global Health PF and Mental | NA |
Smith et al. [42] | Observational, retrospective cohort study | Ankle fracture | 213 | 54.5% (n = 116) | ORIF with Arthroscopy: 39.9, ORIF Alone: 40 | 32.4 months | PROMIS global health physical function ORIF group: 42.7, ORIF + arthroscopy group 44.9 PROMIS global health mental ORIF group: 46.2, ORIF + arthroscopy group 47.1 | PROMIS Global Health Short Form and PROMIS PF | NA |
Stuart et al. [71] | Observational, prospective cohort study | Heterogeneous fracture types (Acetabulum, bi-malleolar ankle fracture, clavicle, distal humerus, distal radius, femoral neck, femoral shaft, fibula,intra-articular elbow, medial malleolus, metatarsal, patella, pelvis, posterior malleolus, proximal humerus, sub trochanteric femur, talus, tibia shaft, tibia plafond, tibia plateau, tri-malleolar ankle fracture and ulna, | 50 | 32% (n = 16) | Patient age: 42.7 (SD 16.1; range 18–71 years). Proxy age 49.8 (SD 12.8; range, 20–78 years) | 14.3 days (SD 1.06; range 14–18 days) | Patient’ perceived preinjury PROMIS PF CAT 57.9 (SD 10.4). Proxies’ perceived preinjury PF CAT 56.6 (SD 11.5) | PROMIS PF CAT | NA |
Swarup et al. [72] | Observational, retrospective cohort study | Posterior sternoclavicular physeal fractures and dislocations | 37 | 10.8% (n = 4) | 15.2 (SD 2.1, range 5.8–17.7 years) | 4.5 years (SD 3.4, range: 1.0–10.6 years) | PROMIS PF UE: 55 (SD 3.5, range: 48 -57) | PROMIS PF UE | Tertiary referral center for pediatric trauma |
Vd Vliet et al. [73] | Observational, retrospective cohort study | Subtalar arthrodesis for posttraumatic arthritis after a calcaneal fracture | 159 | 37.1% (n = 59) | 48 years (IQR, 39–55 years)a | 8.8 years (IQR, 4.3–12.2 years; range, 1.1–15.6 years)a | PROMIS PF: 45, (IQR 38–51)a | PROMIS PF Short Form 10a | Level I |
vd Vliet et al. [74] | Observational, retrospective cohort study | Open reduction internal fixation for tibial pilon fracture | 225 | 39% (n = 88) | 48 (IQR, 37–58 years)a | 82 (IQR, 45–120 months)a | PROMIS PF: 49 (IQR 44–57)a | PROMIS PF Short Form 10a | Level I |
v Leeuwen et al. [75] | Observational, prospective cohort study | Orthopedic trauma patients (fractures) | 124 | 50% (n = 62) | 54 (SD 19, range: 18- 93 years) | NA | PROMIS PF: 36 (9.5), 95% Confidence interval 34–38 PROMIS PI: 50 (8.4), 95% Confidence interval 48–51 | PROMIS PF CAT and PROMIS Pain Intensity | Tertiary care hospital |
van Wyngaarden et al. [76] | Observational, prospective cohort study | Lower extremity fracture (pelvis/acetabulum, femur, tibia, patella, ankle/foot) | 122 | 45% (n = 52) | 42.1 (SD, 14.6) | NA | PROMIS Depression: 54.2 (SD 9.1) PROMIS PI 59.1 (SD 7.7) | PROMIS Depression CAT and PROMIS PI CAT | Level I |
Verhiel et al. [77] | Case series | Essex-Lopresti injury (ELI) | 16 | 12.5% (n = 2) | 42 (SD 10) | 10 years (IQR, 8.0–12) years)a | PROMIS PF UE: 36 (IQR: 33–38). Conservative treatment PROMIS PF UE 41 (IQR: 32–50), operative treatment PROMIS PF UE 33 (IQR: 33–37)a | PROMIS PF UE | Level I and community hospital |
Vincent et al. [78] | Randomized controlled study, secondary observational analysis | Lower body fractures (tibia/fibula, femur, pelvis, patella, metatarsals) and upper extremity fractures (radius, ulna, humerus) | 101 | 40.6 (n = 41) | 43.5 (SD 16.4, range 40.2–46.7 years) | NA | PROMIS PF: acute care total cohort 27.0 (SD 7.1), No Depression 26.3 (SD 7.4), Depression 29.4 (SD 6.7). 2 weeks total cohort 31.6 (SD 6.2), No Depression 31.6 (SD 6.2), Depression 31.6 (SD 6.2). 6 weeks total cohort 33.2 (SD 6.2), No Depression 33.4 (SD 6.5), Depression 32.7 (SD 4.6). 12 weeks All 37.8 (SD 7.1), No Depression 38.3 (SD 7.3), Depression 35.3 (SD 5.2) PROMIS satisfaction with social roles and activities: acute care total cohort 40.7 (SD 10.1), No Depression (SD 10.0), Depression 37.5 (SD 10.3). 2 weeks total cohort 43.9 (SD 8.11), No Depression 44.4 (SD 8.5), Depression 42.1 (SD 5.6). 6 weeks total cohort 45.9 (SD 8.4), No Depression 47.1 (SD 7.9), Depression 40.3 (SD 8.8). 12 weeks total cohort 50.0 (SD 10.2), No Depression 50.8 (SD 10.0), Depression 45.6 (SD 10.1) PROMIS Psychosocial illness impact-positive, Acute care total cohort 52.8 (SD 9.9), No Depression 54.6 (SD 9.6), Depression 44.2 (SD 6.5), 2 weeks total cohort 53.6 (SD 9.5), No Depression 54.8 (SD 9.8), Depression 47.8 (SD 5.1), 6 weeks total cohort 54.6 (SD 10.7), No Depression 56.1 (SD 10.3), Depression 47.1 (SD 10.0), 12 weeks total cohort 55.8 (SD 12.7), No Depression 58.1 (SD 8.8), Depression 44.8 (SD 12.7) | PROMIS PF, PROMIS satisfaction with social roles and activities and PROMIS psychosocial illness impact-positive | Level I |
Virkus et al. [79] | Observational, retrospective cohort study | OTA/AO 41-C (Schatzker 6) BTP (Bicondylar tibial plateau) fracture treated with open reduction and internal fixation | 52 | 40.4% (n = 21) | One-Stage Fixation 48 years, Two-Stage Fixation 51 years | 21.8 months (range 6–41 months) | PROMIS PF: One-Stage Fixation 40, Two- Stage Fixation 40. PROMIS PI: One-Stage Fixation 61, wo- Stage Fixation 56 | PROMIS PF and PROMIS PI | Level I |
Wilkens et al. [80] | Observational, cross-sectional study | Finger, hand, or wrist injury (finger fracture, metacarpal fracture, wrist fracture, finger sprain finger, laceration, mallet fracture, carpal bone fracture, or wrist sprain.) | 149 | 51% (n = 76) | 46 (IQR 28–61 years)a | NA | PROMIS PF UE: Hand posture Yes 32 (SD 8), Hand posture NO 34 (SD8) PROMIS Depression CAT: Hand posture Yes 48 (IQR 41–55), Hand posture NO 48 [IQR 42–530 PROMIS PI: Hand posture Yes 59 (IQR 56–64), Hand posture NO: 59 (IQR 54–63)a | PROMIS PF CAT, PROMIS PI CAT, PROMIS PF UE and PROMIS Depression | Tertiary care hospital |