Table 2 Study population demographics and characteristics

Anderson et al. [46]

64

Sample in single-race focus groups: 100% female

Sample in single-race focus groups:

46% Black

54% White

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a

Anderson et al. [47]

Intervention: 49.6 Control: 50.5

100% female

Intervention:

42% African American

58% Latina

Control:

41% African American

59% Latina

Intervention:

10.6 years of education

Control:

10.0 years of education

Intervention

52% unemployed 6% employed

Control:

52% unemployed 14% employed

n/a

Intervention:

48% married

52% unmarried

Control:

45% married

55% unmarried

Arcia et al. [36]

Phase I: 50.2

Phase II: 42.2

Phase I:

71% female

29% male

Phase II:

70% female

30% male

Phase I:

62% non-Hispanic Black

38% Hispanic

Phase II:

70% non-Hispanic Black

20% Hispanic

10% refused

Phase I:

24% some high school

38% high school diploma

33% some college

5% Bachelor's

Phase II

10% some high school

30% high school diploma

20% some college

10% Associate's

20% Bachelor's

10% missing

Mean income per person in household per year:

Phase I: $9,789

Phase II: $9,240

Phase I:

48% Medicaid

10% Military/VA 24% commercial 19% missing

Phase II:

100% Medicaid

n/a

Calamia et al. [56]

MMSE ≥ 25:

71.64

MMSE ≤ 25:

75.94

MMSE ≥ 25:

71.6% female 28.4% male

MMSE ≤ 25:

31.6% female 68.4% male

MMSE ≥ 25:

90.3% White

4.5% African American

1.3% Bi-racial

0.01% Native American

3.89% missing

MMSE ≤ 25:

89.5% White

5.3% African American

5.2% missing

MMSE ≥ 25:

6.5% GED

21.3% some college

3.9% Associate's 26.5% Bachelor's 33.5% Master's

3.9% Doctorate

4.4% missing

MMSE ≤ 25:

5.3% GED

5.3% some college

5.3% Associate's

36.8% Bachelor's

21.1% Master's

10.5% Doctorate 15.7% missing

n/a

n/a

n/a

Gabbard et al. [59]

69.4

63.6% female 36.4% male

81.8% Black/African American

13.6% White

4.6% Asian

27.3% less than high school graduate

22.7% high school graduate or equivalent

18.2% some college or tech/vocational

9.1% Master's Degree

4.6% Professional Degree

Annual household income:

63.6% < $20,000 13.6% $20,000-$40,000

22.7% > $40,000–75,000

0% > $70,000

n/a

4.6% single, never married 31.8% married 31.8% divorced 27.3% widowed 4.6% separated

Gonzalez et al. [43]

Spanish-speaking: 26.7

English-speaking: 36.6

Spanish-speaking: 70% female

30% male

English-speaking: 54% female

46% male

Spanish-speaking:

97% Latino (83% Mexican, 4% Nicaraguan, 13% n/a)

English-speaking:

82% White

9% African American

9% other

Spanish-speaking: 7.1 years of education

English-speaking: 12.9 years of education

n/a

n/a

n/a

Gonzalez et al. [44]

Spanish-speaking: 35.2

English-speaking: 47.4

Spanish-speaking: 77% female

23% male

English-speaking: 42% female

58% male

Spanish-speaking:

99% Latino (95% Mexican), 1% European American

English-speaking:

79% European American

11% African American

4% American Indian, 4% Latino

1% Asian

1% Jewish

Spanish-speaking: 10.9 years of education

English-speaking: 13.7 years of education

Unspecified, but no difference between groups

n/a

n/a

Hahn et al. [48]

50.9

69.8% female 30.2% male

55.5% Black/African-American

12.7% Hispanic/Latino 29.4% White, non-Hispanic

1.6% Other

0.8% Asian or Pacific Islander

Education Levels: 5.6% 0–6th Grade 6.3% 7th–8th Grade

27.8% some high school

34.9% high school grad/GED

15.1% some college

10.3% college degree

50.8% low literacy level (7th-grade reading comprehension)

39.7% high literacy

9.5% pending

n/a

n/a

Previous computer experience:

38.9% none 14.3% a few times/year

24.6% every month/week

19.8% almost every day

2.4% unknown

Hinami et al. [38]

57

58% female

42% male

53% non-Hispanic Black

24% Hispanic

10% non-Hispanic White 6% non-Hispanic Asian 7% other

n/a

n/a

n/a

20% preferred to complete the survey in Spanish

Hirsh et al. [55]

53

77% female

23% male

n/a

64% completed high school or less

18% inadequate health literacy

10% marginal health literacy

72.8% below the federal poverty line (< $15,000/year)

n/a

72% English-speaking

Jacoby et al. [60]

40.2

100% male

96% African American 4% Native American

8% some high school

60% high school graduate or GED

20% some college

8% college graduate

4% trade/technical training

36% < $10,000

32% $10,000–29,999

24% $30,000–49,999

4% $50,000–79,000

4% missing

20% private insurance

4% Medicare

32% Medicaid

32% self-pay/uninsured

12% missing

n/a

Jiwani et al. [39]

54.7

57% female

43% male

68% African American

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a

Kasturi et al. [52]

40.5

92.9% female

7.1% male

37.7% White

29.9% Black

12.8% Asian

19.6% other

28.4% Hispanic/Latino

16.7% high school or less

24.1% some college

59.1% college or beyond

n/a

35.8% Medicaid

10.3% Medicare

53.9% private

33% on disability

Lapin et al. [37]

Sample that completed satisfaction survey:

57.7

Sample that completed satisfaction survey:

59.2% female

40.8% male

Sample that completed satisfaction survey:

8.5% non-white

Sample that completed satisfaction survey:

47.3% college graduate

33% some college 18.3% high school graduate

1.4% less than high school

Sample that completed satisfaction survey:

Median income $54,200

n/a

Sample that completed satisfaction survey:

70.5% married

Liu et al. [53]

59.9

80% female

20% male

n/a

64% adequate health literacy

36% limited health literacy

n/a

n/a

60% English-speaking

40% Spanish-speaking

Loo et al. [40]

n/a

n/a

unspecified but clinic comprised of 30% racial/ethnic minorities

n/a

n/a

n/a

over 50% of clinic population identifies as LGBTQ

Munoz et al. [45]

Spanish-speaking:

50.3

English-speaking:

51.9

Spanish-speaking: 68.4% female 31.6% male

English-speaking: 42.1% female 57.9% male

Spanish-speaking:

100% Latino

English-speaking:

63.1% White

31.6% African American

5.3% Asian American

Spanish-speaking:

10.2 years of education

English-speaking:

12.6 years of education

n/a

n/a

Spanish-speaking:

74% had novice computer experience

Nyirenda et al. [61]

71.9

64% female

33% male

3% unknown

87% White

92% non-Hispanic

28.1% did not complete high school

71.9% at least high school

28.1% some college

9.3% associate degree or higher

n/a

n/a

n/a

Ramsey et al. [57]

71.9

73% female

27% male

81% White

9% African American

5% Asian/Pacific Islander

4% Hispanic

2% Other/Unknown

15.6 years

n/a

n/a

n/a

Samuel et al. [49]

Black:

62.8

White:

66.8

Black:

16.7% female

83.3% male

White:

10.2% female 89.8% male

38% Black

62% White

Black:

33.3% high school or less

30% some technical college

16.7% some college

10% college

10% graduate

White:

18.4% high school or less

20.4% some technical college

20.4% some college 14.3% college

26.5% graduate

Black:

23.3% employed

6.7% unemployed

White:

42.9% employed

0% unemployed

Black:

26.7% private insurance

80% public insurance

White:

61.2% private insurance

65.3% public

n/a

Sarkar et al. [42]

57

69% female

31% male

58% Black or African American

8% Hispanic/Latino

8% Asian/Pacific Islander

27% White

69% limited health literacy

31% adequate health literacy

Reportedly low income, but no specific data

100% Medicare/Medicaid or no insurance

85% use a computer

38% use a cell phone

50% use a smartphone

31% use a tablet 4% have no device

Scholle et al. [11]

Site 1:

27.3% 18–64 22.7% 65 or older

Site 2:

28.8% 18–64 21.7% 65 or older

Site 1:

28.2% female; 24.2% male

Site 2:

27.1% female

25% male

Site 1:

29.3% White

31.3% Black

25.4% Hispanic

Site 2:

26.3% White

32.5% Black

16.5% Hispanic

n/a

n/a

Site 1:

30.2% commercial insurance

26.5% public

17.1% uninsured

Site 2:

20.6% commercial insurance

29.2% public

21.5% uninsured

Site 1:

24.1% preferred Spanish

Shipp et al. [62]

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a

n/a

Smith et al. [50]

66 (median)

13% female

87% male

38% Black

62% White

25% high school or less

29% vocational school

25% college

21% graduate

36% full or part-time employed

7% medical leave or unemployed

57% retired

12% Medicaid

41% Medicare

19% Medicare with supplemental

27% private

76% married, living with partner

Stonbraker et al. [41]

55.4

63.6% female

36.4% male

63% African American/Black

24.1% Hispanic/Latino

7.4% White

5.6% other

40% less than high school

40% completed high school

20% more than high school

89.1% likely limited health literacy

10.9% adequate health literacy

91% likely limited graph literacy

9% adequate graph literacy

n/a

n/a

81.8% English-speaking

18.2% Spanish-speaking

Wahl et al. [54]

59

81.6% female

19.4% male

48% White

8% African American

15% Hispanic

18% Asian

10% Other

n/a

n/a

52% private insurance

36% Medicare

11% Medicaid

82% preferred English language

Wolford et al. [58]

Group 1 (computer/computer):

42.7

Group 2 (computer/person):

41.1

Group 3 (person/computer):

42.4

Group 4 (person/person):

41.8

Group 1 (computer/computer):

53% female

47% male

Group 2 (computer/person): 39% female

61% male

Group 3 (person/computer): 47% female

53% male

Group 4 (person/person): 46% female

54% male

Group 1 (computer/computer): 74% White

15% African American

11% Native American

Group 2 (computer/person):

68% White

23% African American

9% Native American

Group 3 (person/computer):

61% White

32% African American

7% Native American

Group 4 (person/person): 69% White

25% African American

3% Hispanic

3% Native American

n/a

n/a

n/a

All groups with some percentage of patients with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder, and/or major depression

Zullig et al. [51]

71.5

65.9% female

34.1% male

38.6% White

36.4% Black

25.0% American Indian

n/a

unspecified, but clinics serve population with 20% living at or below the federal poverty level

20.5% commercial insurance

79.5% Medicare/Medicaid/VA

0% uninsured

47.7% married/living with partner

9.1% single/never married

18.2% divorced/separated

25.0% widowed