Fig. 3

Distribution of effect sizes by type of measure for single-predictor models (top panel) and multiple-predictor models (bottom panel). Effects were generally small, and were systematically smaller for the IRT Single-Domain Measures. The IRT Multiple-Domain and CTT-Based measures were more likely to achieve effect size that met or exceeded Cohen’s [43] criteria for small effects. Dashed vertical line indicates cut-point of eta-squared ≥0.01 for single-predictor models, and ≥ 0.02 for multiple predictor models