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Table 2 Principles of community translations applied to test items

From: Shared decision making and the practice of community translation in presenting a pre-final Afrikaans for the Western Cape Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) questionnaire: a proposal for improved translation and cross-cultural adaptation

Item

Principles

Code switching [2, 20]

Non-parallel community translation: para text [2]

Non-parallel community translation: simplify text (colloquial or dialectic use of language) [2, 3]

Community translation approach: using simple language [2, 3]

Community translation approach: short sentences [2]

Community translation approach: don’t use cumbersome concepts [2]

Community translation approach: Avoid use of passive voice [2]

Community translation approach: address the reader directly [2, 3]

Title of the questionnaire: Disabilities of the arm shoulder and hand.

 

     

Instruction on first page

   

 

Instruction page for first 21 test items:

  

  

 

Wording of five point Likert scale for items 1 to 21

  

     

Item 1: Opening a tight or new jar.

  

  

  

Item 3: Turning a key

   

    

Item 6: Place an object on a shelf above you head.

  

     

Item 7: Source version: Do heavy household chores (e.g., wash walls, wash floors).

   

    

Item 8: Garden or do yard work

 

     

Item 9: Make a bed

 

     

Item 10: Carry a shopping bag or briefcase

 

    

Item 11: Carry a heavy object (over 10 lbs)

   

 

  

Item 12: Change a lightbulb overhead

      

Item 13: Wash and blow dry your hair

     

  

Item 14: Wash your back

     

  

Item 15: Put on a pullover sweater.

      

Item 17, 18 and 19: Relating to recreational activities

    

 

Item 20: Manage transportation needs (getting from one place to another).

  

 

  

Item 21: Sexual activities

  

     

Wording of five point Likert scale for items 22 to 29

  

     

Item 22: During the past week, to what extent has your arm, shoulder or hand problem interfered with your normal social activities with family, friends, neighbours or groups?

  

  

Item 23: During the past week were you limited in your work or other regular daily activities as a result of your arm, shoulder or hand problem?

   

 

Item 26: Tingling (pins and needles) in your arm, shoulder or hand.

      

Item 28: Stiffness in your arm, shoulder or hand.

      

Item 29: During the past week, how much difficulty have you had sleeping because of the pain in your arm, shoulder or hand?

      

Item 30: I feel less capable, less confident or less useful because of my arm, shoulder or hand problem.

 

     

Work module and Sport and Performing arts Module