Table 3 DIF and LD present in the three scales
Alienation dimension | LD/DIF | Items and covariates | χ2 | df | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Powerlessness | LD | ‘Cannot overcome problems’ & ‘Cannot manage things’ | 83.54 | 4 | < 0.001 |
DIF | ‘Feeling helpless’ & ‘Migration status’ | 14.49 | 4 | < 0.01 | |
‘Feeling helpless’ & ‘Age group’ | 16.55 | 2 | < 0.001 | ||
‘Feeling helpless’ & ‘Sex’ | 21.80 | 2 | < 0.001 | ||
Meaninglessness | LD | ‘Things have no meaning’ & ‘Not knowing what is going on’ | 371.61 | 4 | < 0.001 |
DIF | ‘Things have no meaning’ & ‘Age group’ | 9.54 | 2 | < 0.01 | |
Social isolation | LD | ‘Feeling left out’ & ‘Feeling lonely’ | 236.71 | 4 | < 0.001 |
‘Not feeling close to family’ & ‘No support when unhappy’ | 127.93 | 4 | < 0.001 | ||
‘Not feeling close to family’ & ‘Not belonging’ | 39.09 | 4 | < 0.001 | ||
DIF | ‘Feeling left out’ & ‘Sex’ | 26.18 | 2 | < 0.001 | |
‘Not feeling close to family’ & ‘Age group’ | 13.49 | 2 | 0.001 | ||
‘No support when unhappy’ & ‘Sex’ | 29.94 | 2 | < 0.001 | ||
‘Feeling lonely’ & ‘Sex’ | 6.76 | 2 | 0.022 | ||
‘Not belonging’ & ‘Sex’ | 7.65 | 2 | 0.022 |