Table 1 Veteran Sample Demographic Characteristics (n = 58)

Age– mean (σ)

51.1 (14.4) ^#

57.6 (11.6)

p = 0.070

Sex– no. of participants (%)

p = 0.226

 Male

20 (64.5)

22 (81.5)

Race– no. of participants (%)

p = 0.438

 African American

4 (12.9)

6 (22.2)

 White

22 (71.0)

12 (44.4)

 Hispanic

2 (6.5)

3 (11.1)

 Asian

0 (0.0)

1 (3.7)

 Other

2 (6.5)

3 (11.1)

 Multiple Races

1 (3.2)

2 (7.4)

Marital status– no. of participants (%)

p = 0.250

 Never married

5 (16.1)

11 (40.7)

 Married

17 (54.8)

11 (40.7)

 Living with someone but not married

2 (6.5)

0 (0.0)

 Divorced or separated

4 (12.9)

4 (14.8)

 Widowed

2 (6.5)

1 (3.7)

 Other

1 (3.2)

0 (0.0)

Employment status– no. of participants (%)

p = 0.393

 Full-time

2 (6.5)

2 (7.4)

 Part-time

2 (6.5)

2 (7.4)

 Unemployed, not interested in returning to work

1 (3.2)

1 (3.7)

 Unemployed, looking for work

1 (3.2)

1 (3.7)

 Unemployed, disabled

14 (45.2)

7 (25.9)

 Retired, due to pain

4 (12.9)

9 (33.3)

 Retired, not due to pain

2 (6.5)

4 (14.8)

 Other

5 (16.1)

1 (3.7)

Years of Education– mean (σ)

14.1 (2.4)

14.1 (2.3)

p = 0.909

Baseline Average Pain - mean (σ)

5.9 (2.1)

6.4 (2.0)

p = 0.387

Acceptable Pain - mean (σ)

3.2 (2.1)

3.6 (1.7)

p = 0.401

Baseline Morphine Equivalent Daily Dose (MEDD) - mean (σ)

28.1 (64.7)

22.5 (42.9)

p = 0.638^*